Background: Concerns have been expressed about the abundance of new clinical prediction models (CPMs) proposed in the literature. The extent of this proliferation in prediction research, however, remains unclear. Objective: To estimate the total and annual number of CPM development publications available for all medical fields. Methods: Using a validated search strategy, we conducted a systematic search for prediction model studies published in Pubmed and Embase between 1995 and the end of 2020. By taking random samples for each year, we identified eligible studies that developed a multivariable model (diagnostic or prognostic) for individual-level prediction of a health outcome across all medical fields. Exclusion criteria included the development of models with a single predictor, studies not concerning humans, methodological studies, conference abstracts, articles with unavailable full text, and studies not available in English. Next, we estimated the total and annual number of published regression-based multivariable CPM development articles, based on the total number of publications, proportion of included articles and search sensitivity. Furthermore, we used an adjusted Poisson regression to extrapolate our results to years 1950-2024. Additionally, we estimated the number of articles developing non-regression-based CPMs. Results: From a random sample of 10,660 articles published between 1995 and 2020, 109 regression-based CPM development articles were included. We estimated that 82,772 (95%CI: 65,313-100,231) CPM development articles using regression were published, with an acceleration in model development from 2010 onward. With the addition of articles that used other techniques than regression (e.g., machine learning), the number rose to 147,714 (125,201-170,226). After extrapolation to 1950-2024, numbers increased to 156,673 and 248,431 for regression-based models and all models, respectively. Conclusions: Based on a representative sample of publications from the literature, we estimate that close to 250,000 articles reporting the development of clinical prediction models for all medical fields have been published until 2024. CPM development publication is ever increasing. To prevent research waste and to close the gap between research and clinical practice, focus should shift away from developing new CPMs to facilitating model validation and impact assessment of the plethora of available CPMs. Limitations of this study include restriction of search to articles available in English and development of the validated search strategy prior to the popularity of artificial intelligence and machine learning models.

Background: Falls are a prevalent and serious health condition among older people in residential aged care facilities, causing significant health and economic burdens. However, the likelihood of future falls can be predicted, and thus, falls can be prevented if appropriate prevention programs are implemented. Current fall prevention programs in residential aged care facilities rely on risk screening tools with suboptimal predictive performance, leading to significant concerns regarding resident safety. Objective: This study aimed to develop a predictive, dynamic dashboard to identify residents at risk of falls with associated decision support. This paper provides an overview of the technical process, including the challenges faced and the strategies used to overcome them during the development of the dashboard. Methods: A predictive dashboard was co-designed with a major residential aged care partner in New South Wales, Australia. Data from resident profiles, daily medications, fall incidents, and fall risk assessments were used. A dynamic fall risk prediction model and personalized rule-based fall prevention recommendations were embedded in the dashboard. The data ingestion process into the dashboard was designed to mitigate the impact of underlying data system changes. This approach aims to ensure resilience against alterations in the data systems. Results: The dashboard was developed using Microsoft Power BI and advanced R programming by linking data silos. It includes dashboard views for those managing facilities and for those caring for residents. Data drill-through functionality was used to navigate through different dashboard views. Resident-level change in daily risk of falling and risk factors and timely evidence-based recommendations were output to prevent falls and enhance prescriptive decision support. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the significance of a sustainable dashboard architecture and how to overcome the challenges faced when developing a dashboard amid underlying data system changes. The development process used an iterative dashboard co-design process, ensuring the successful implementation of knowledge into practice. Future research will focus on the implementation and evaluation of the dashboard’s impact on health processes and economic outcomes.

There are a myriad of obstacles faced by individuals who take medication for opioid use disorder, including high out-of-pocket costs, stigma, logistical challenges associated with traveling to treatment facilities, and negative experiences with treatment providers. The proliferation of illicit fentanyl use and associated overdose risk underscores the urgent need to broaden access to lifesaving pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder. This case report describes the safe and effective induction of a 32-year-old male onto sublingual buprenorphine in a digital care setting, with integrated, counselor-facilitated psychosocial treatment delivered via a smartphone app targeting relapse prevention. The digital care modality enabled this patient to overcome 2 major treatment barriers: limited access to evidence-based treatment given his residence in a rural area, and heightened overdose risk given his use of fentanyl, a potent synthetic opioid. In addition, we describe tobacco cessation treatment delivered digitally concurrently with opioid use disorder care, combining pharmacotherapy and behavioral skills training. Given the disproportionately high rate of co-occurring opioid use disorder and tobacco use and associated mortality rates, the effective treatment of these conditions simultaneously in this case advances our knowledge of potentially efficacious treatment approaches for underserved individuals with opioid use disorder who present with polysubstance use.

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Background: Patients with long-term health needs are often expected to actively participate in outpatient care, assuming that they have appropriate health literacy and digital health literacy. However, the association between participation in a digital outpatient service and health literacy remain unclear.

Background: Admission to a hospital can be a very stressful and anxiety-provoking experience, as patients face many unknowns that can compromise their physical and psychological well-being. Patient-centered care necessitates that health care organizations and professionals actively comprehend patients’ experiences and values, for which effective training in communication skills is essential. Objective: This study will contribute to this field of research by evaluating a blended therapeutic communication training program. Methods: The training consists of online e-learning that provides insights into important concepts of therapeutic communication, followed by a virtual reality patient-embodied experience shown to help nurses feel what it is like to be a patient themselves during a 1-day didactic training with experiential small groups. Theory on therapeutic communication is taught, focusing on how to use rapid rapport techniques and hypnotic and suggestive language to facilitate empathy. This is combined with practical exercises, ensuring an active learning process. By integrating these diverse blended learning training methods, the program aims to enhance nurses’ communication skills, ultimately improving patient care. Applying the Kirkpatrick model for training evaluation, this prospective study will use a convergent mixed methods study design, integrating both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data will include fieldwork, as well as individual and focus group interviews with the participating nurses. Quantitative data will include questionnaires that include the first two levels of the Kirkpatrick model and that are validated for this purpose. Inclusion started in April 2024, and the therapeutic communication training was scheduled for the first half of 2024. Results: On February 8, 2024, we received permission from the authorizing body (Institutional Science Committee and NWMO Committee) to start our study. Data collection started in April 2024 and was completed by the end of 2024. Conclusions: This study will systematically evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic communication training in the acute admission ward for patients who require emergency treatment. The results will yield insights into the feasibility and acceptance of the implementation of therapeutic communication training among nurses in an acute admission ward in the Netherlands.

Background: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), a group of parenchymal lung disorders, present with varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis, which lead to symptoms such as progressive breathlessness, impaired quality of life (QoL), and reduced life expectancy. Patients with ILD can experience a sudden worsening of their condition, known as an acute exacerbation, which is associated with inappropriate hospital admissions, concomitant National Health Service (NHS) costs, impaired QoL, and high mortality. The heterogeneity of ILDs, the unpredictability of acute exacerbations, and significant variation in disease progression and response to treatment present numerous management challenges. Standard care typically involves 3-6 monthly hospital outpatient visits to monitor disease and assess response to treatment. Home monitoring with remote review of spirometry, pulse oximetry, and patient-reported measures offers an alternative approach to in-person clinic review and laboratory-based physiological measurements. Clinical trials indicate home monitoring of patients with ILD is acceptable, and results correlate with laboratory-based pulmonary function tests (PFTs). The impact of implementing home monitoring for patients with ILD in a real-world setting is not well understood. Objective: We aim to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and acceptability of home monitoring with standard care in the management of patients with ILD. Methods: This study has been registered as a quality improvement project at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust (reference 13660) and Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (reference 24-1378). The project has been co-designed by the steering group, including clinicians, researchers, technology partners, a patient advocacy charity, and patients diagnosed with ILD. Patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be provided a handheld spirometer, pulse oximeter, and access to patientMpower, an electronic health app, on their smart devices and followed up for 12 months. All participants will be asked to complete at least once weekly home spirometry and pulse oximetry measurements and 3 monthly patient-reported measures, including outcome, engagement, and experience measures, using the patientMpower app. Results will be available to the clinicians in real time and used to monitor disease progression, symptoms, and QoL, and to assess treatment response. Results: This study was funded by NHS Digital in September 2021. Patient recruitment and data collection started in March 2022. By January 2024, 186 patients were enrolled. All patients will have home monitoring for at least 12 months. Results are expected to be published at the end of 2025. Conclusions: We hypothesize home monitoring will be safe, effective and acceptable for patients with ILD and result in a 50% reduction in routine laboratory-based pulmonary function tests and in-person clinic consultations.

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant public health issue, with a rising global incidence despite extensive research efforts. Patient-centered care, which tailors treatment to individual needs, has shown potential in enhancing outcomes. The integration of smart technologies with psychological frameworks such as the health belief model and the knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) model may further improve patient engagement and adherence. To address this, we have developed a smart technique–assisted patient-centered care mobile health app for managing VTE (mVTEA), which integrates psychological frameworks to improve patient outcomes in VTE management. Objective: This study aims to investigate the impact of the mVTEA app on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of VTE in patients with or at high risk of VTE. Methods: The SmaVTE (smart technology facilitated patient-centered venous thromboembolism management) study is a 2-armed, single-center, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. A total of 256 hospitalized patients with or at high risk of VTE will be recruited on the day of their discharge from August 2024 to June 2025. Participants will be randomly allocated to either the mVTEA management group or the routine management group in a 1:1 ratio. The mVTEA management group (n=128) will receive patient-centered VTE management facilitated by the mVTEA app after discharge. The routine management group (n=128) will be administered conventional postdischarge management according to local clinical practice. The KAP of patients will be assessed by a structured KAP questionnaire on VTE. The primary outcome is the difference in patients’ KAP on VTE at 3-month follow-up between the 2 groups. Secondary outcomes include scores on each domain of the questionnaire, quality of life, VTE events, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease, postpulmonary embolism syndrome, major bleeding events, VTE-related hospitalizations or rehospitalizations, deaths, and new-onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter at 3-month follow-up. Results: Participants are currently being recruited. The first participant was enrolled in August 2024, which marked the official start of the study. The recruitment process is expected to be completed in June 2025. As of the submission of the paper, 185 patients had been enrolled in this clinical trial. At present, all included patients are being followed up according to the outlined schedule. Conclusions: The SmaVTE study offers a pioneering approach to VTE prevention and treatment by combining smart technology with patient-centered care and established theoretical frameworks. The findings could significantly impact clinical practice and inspire further research into the integration of smart technologies with behavioral science theories. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06350331; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06350331

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) after radiotherapy (RT) in patients with breast cancer (BC) is a relatively new and understudied topic. AF can increase the risk of stroke and other serious cardiovascular complications, compromising patients’ quality of life and survival. Screening of AF, both asymptomatic and symptomatic forms, is therefore essential for optimal management. Objective: The aim of the Watch Your Heart After Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (WATCH) study is to assess the incidence of AF (symptomatic or asymptomatic) occurring throughout a 5-year follow-up after RT and to investigate whether cardiac radiation exposure is associated with the occurrence of such events. Methods: WATCH is a cohort study that will include 200 patients over 65 years old, treated with RT for BC 5 years before inclusion and without a history of AF. Cross-sectional screening for AF at the time of the scheduled 5-year post-RT visit will be conducted by recording data from a Withings ScanWatch smartwatch for 1 month, confirmed by an electrocardiogram (ECG), and validated by a physician. In addition, a transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) will be performed, providing a comprehensive assessment of cardiac structures, and allowing us to investigate the underlying etiology and assess the risk of complications. Patients’ medical records will provide retrospective information about the timing and risk factors for the occurrence of AF and other arrhythmias and cardiac diseases during the 5 years following RT. The development of deep learning algorithms for autosegmentation analysis of potentially critical substructures for the occurrence of AF, including cardiac chambers, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, coronary arteries, and pulmonary veins (PVs), will produce dosimetry linked to previous RT treatment for all contoured structures. Results: Enrollment started in October 2023 and will continue until mid-2026 to include 200 patients, which will ensure an 80% statistical power to detect a significant difference in AF incidence around 15% for the group of patients moderately exposed (75th percentile of the mean heart radiation dose). The results are expected by the end of 2026. Conclusions: This study will contribute to generating new knowledge on AF after RT for BC and help considering the inclusion of AF screening into routine clinical practice for these patients. Identifying the dose-risk associations would improve RT delivery protocols to limit the occurrence of different forms of AF and, if necessary, initiate appropriate treatment. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06073509; clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06073509?id=NCT06073509&rank=1.

Background: The prevalence of dementia is increasing in Canada and in many countries internationally. People living with dementia are highly dependent on family and friend care partners, who may have little knowledge of the disorder. Web-based interventions in dementia have been shown to improve care partner mental health and reduce burden, but few have been widely implemented or rigorously studied. We developed a web- and email-based dementia education platform for care partners, iGeriCare, which includes 12 asynchronous, multimedia, e-learning lessons and email-based content to reinforce the learning. Objective: The primary objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility and care partner acceptance of the intervention, including study methods. Secondary objectives will examine the effectiveness of the educational resources on family care partners’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and sense of burden. Methods: This study is a 2-arm, pilot, feasibility, randomized controlled trial. A total of 125 family or friend care partners for a person living with dementia—who are residing in Canada, aged 16+ years, and comfortable using the internet and email—will be recruited using coinvestigator networks and Facebook digital marketing advertisements. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group (receiving the dementia web- and email-based educational intervention) or the control group (receiving an alternate topic e-learning lesson and emails) and will have 8 weeks to complete baseline surveys and the assigned e-learning. After 8 weeks, participants will have 2 weeks to complete poststudy surveys. This protocol will be repeated with a second cohort of 100 care partners recruited from a paid panel service based on learnings from initial feasibility results. Results: Initial recruitment began on September 6, 2022, and concluded on October 2, 2022. A total of 125 participants were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=61) or control (n=64) group. Data collection concluded in January 2023. Preliminary feasibility results showed a substantial number of participants who did not engage with the protocol as intended. A decision was made to recruit a second cohort of participants to address these protocol deviations. Secondary recruitment began on June 12, 2023, and concluded on June 27, 2023. A total of 100 participants were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=53) or control (n=47) group. Data collection concluded in September 2023. Further results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences. Conclusions: This study is investigating the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a web- and email-based dementia care partner educational intervention. The results of this study will contribute to the planning of a larger randomized controlled trial in the future, as well as the evaluation of innovative, cost-effective, and efficient dementia care partner resources that can complement traditional approaches. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05114187; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05114187

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex, incurable condition requiring lifelong care, often placing significant psychological strain on parents and emerging as a public health concern. While various interventions exist to enhance the psychological health of parents, the role of digital health interventions (DHIs) in this context remains underexplored. Objective: This scoping review aims to systematically assess the availability of DHIs targeting the psychological health of parents of children with ASD and evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions in improving parental psychological health. Methods: The review will include English-language studies published from inception to June 25, 2024, focusing on DHIs aimed at improving the psychological health of parents of children with ASD. Eligible studies will involve parents of children with ASD less than the age of 18 years, across various settings, and assess psychological health outcomes. A comprehensive search will be conducted across six databases: (1) CINAHL, (2) Ovid EMBASE, (3) Ovid Global Health, (4) Ovid MEDLINE, (5) Ovid PsycINFO, and (6) Web of Science. Studies will be screened and selected based on predefined eligibility criteria. Data extraction will include publication details, study design, participants’ characteristics, intervention specifics, comparisons, psychological outcomes, and key findings. Results will be synthesized using descriptive statistics, charts, and narrative analysis. Results: The initial keyword-based search, completed in June 2024, identified 5825 records, which were subsequently screened and analyzed. Screening and evidence synthesis were finalized in winter 2024, and the completed scoping review was submitted in December 2024. Conclusions: This study will provide a comprehensive overview of commonly used DHIs for supporting the psychological health of parents of children with ASD and their effectiveness. The findings will help identify research gaps, inform future studies and funding priorities, and contribute to the development of practice guidelines to enhance parental psychological health.

Background: The aging population and increasing prevalence of natural teeth among older adults have escalated the demand for oral health care, especially in nursing settings. Impaired oral health in older individuals is closely linked to systemic conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The expert standard “promoting oral health in nursing” was developed in Germany to enhance the quality of oral care and address future challenges in geriatric nursing. It comprises a series of recommended interventions targeting oral health promotion in nursing care. However, significant barriers, including high patient-to-nurse ratios and staff shortages, often result in missed or rationed nursing care, limiting the feasibility and implementation of such interventions. Evaluating the acceptability of this standard is critical to its successful integration into routine nursing practice. Objective: We aim to assess the acceptability of the expert standard among nursing staff providing care for older individuals, identify factors influencing its adoption, and examine the relationship between nursing competence, care rationed or missed (CROM), and the standard’s acceptability. Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study will collect data from nursing staff in 25 hospitals and long-term care facilities in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, using standardized survey instruments. Based on the template of the generic theoretical framework of acceptability, a questionnaire to measure the acceptability of interventions across 7 domains was created. Oral health knowledge will be assessed using the Oral Health Literacy Profile and competence in mouth care using the questionnaire developed by the DNQP (Deutsches Netzwerk für Qualitätsentwicklung in der Pflege [German network for Quality Development in Nursing]). Barriers to implementation will be evaluated according to the acute care nurses’ questionnaire on oral hygiene and CROM using the oral care–related question from the Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care instrument. Statistical analyses consist of first calculating the mean acceptability with a 95% CI for each recommended intervention of the expert standard. Second, repeated measures ANOVA is used to examine mean differences in acceptability between these interventions. Third, linear regression analyses are used to test the impact of nursing competence on acceptability and lastly chi-square tests of independence are used to compare CROM with already published rates in German-speaking countries. Results: The results are anticipated to provide insights into the acceptability of the expert standard and its determinants, including nursing competence and perceived barriers. Data collection will commence in June 2025 and is expected to be completed by October 2025. Conclusions: This study evaluates the acceptability of the expert standard for oral health in nursing. The findings will support evidence-based strategies to enhance feasibility, reduce CROM prevalence, and improve oral health in older adults. By focusing on acceptability as a prerequisite for implementation, this study emphasizes the need to align interventions with the realities of nursing care to achieve effective outcomes.

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience life challenges due to the nature of disease progression. Although an active lifestyle has been shown effective for symptom and relapse management, most people with MS lead a sedentary lifestyle and do not reach the recommended physical activity (PA) guidelines. Objective: This study aims to test the preliminary efficacy of a codeveloped, online self-management intervention based on the health action process approach (HAPA) adapted for people with MS to cultivate a physically active lifestyle. Methods: The 8-week intervention program was developed using community-based participatory research based on the HAPA. The program includes increasing awareness of incorporating PA in a daily routine, the benefits of physical activities for people with MS, developing motivation, utilizing social and environmental support, setting measurable goals and doable plans, and coping with barriers for long-term adoption of new behaviors. Community members with MS serve as peer coaches. We aimed to recruit 60 people with MS, randomizing them to an intervention group or a wait-list control group. Control group participants do not receive any intervention nor information for the period of study. Participants will complete PA measures (accelerometer and survey) and psychological assessments at baseline; after an 8-week intervention; and 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postintervention. We hypothesize that the intervention group will have (1) higher scores on the HAPA questionnaires and (2) higher frequency, duration, and intensity of engagement in PA after the intervention than the control group. We will conduct descriptive analyses (means, SDs), chi-squared tests, independent t tests, paired t tests, repeated measures ANOVA, and 2-way (any 2 factors of conditions, disability severity levels, and time) and 3-way (conditions × disability severity levels × time) mixed model ANOVAs. Results: The study was funded in April 2018 and was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We invited peer coaches to review the accessibility of online modules in fall 2022. We finalized the module accessibility and trained peer coaches on how to use the online modules in December 2022. Since February 2023, we have recruited 50 participants to the trial who have been assigned to the intervention group (n=25) or control group (n=25). During the follow-up stage, 3 participants dropped out of the intervention group, and 4 participants dropped out of the control group. Enrollment ended in 2024, and data collection is expected to conclude by December 2025, with results anticipated to be published in January 2026. Conclusions: This study will test the effectiveness of using an evidence-based online intervention for self-management of physical activity behavior by people with MS. The results of the study will provide us with insightful information for designing community-based participatory research and implementing telerehabilitation interventions for people with MS. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05124522; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05124522

Background: A substantial proportion of patients require acute hospital care after hospital discharge post surgery, and many regions and countries have surgical backlogs. Objective: The Post Discharge After Surgery Virtual Care with Remote Automated Monitoring Technology-3 (PCV-RAM-3) trial tests the hypothesis that informing surgeons and patients of virtual care with remote automated monitoring (VC-RAM) assignment will promote earlier discharge, thereby reducing the index length of hospital stay, and that postdischarge VC-RAM will reduce acute hospital care. Methods: The PVC-RAM-3 trial is a randomized controlled trial that compares VC-RAM to standard postdischarge care among 2500 adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery in 3 Canadian hospitals. Following the randomization of patients prior to surgery, surgeons and patients are immediately notified whether the patient has been allocated to the VC-RAM or control group. Outcome adjudicators remain blinded to each participant’s group assignment. Patients in the intervention arm learn to use a Health Canada–approved cellular modem–enabled tablet computer and Bluetooth-enabled remote automated monitoring technology from Cloud DX to take daily wound photos for 7 days and measure daily vital signs (ie, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, and weight) three times daily on days 1-7 and twice daily on days 8-14 post discharge, along with completing a brief recovery survey. Nurses review these data and conduct scheduled virtual visits (days 1, 3, 7, and 14). Nurses will escalate care to a preassigned and available perioperative care physician if predetermined vital sign thresholds are exceeded, concerning symptoms arise, or a medication error is detected. These physicians manage the issues and add or modify treatments as needed. The standard care group will receive postdischarge care as per the standard of care at the hospital where they undergo surgery. The coprimary outcomes are acute hospital care and the index hospital length of stay within the first 30 days after randomization. Results: Study recruitment and follow-up are completed, and analysis of the study results is underway. Conclusions: This trial will offer insights into the role of VC-RAM in reducing acute hospital care and index length of hospital stay among adults undergoing elective surgery. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05171569; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05171569

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had disproportionate economic and health impacts on self-employed workers in Nigeria, particularly self-employed women and youth. Though uniquely different, the COVID-19 pandemic shares similarities with events such as childbirth, family, and health emergencies. Self-employed young women lack adequate support structures to cope with disruptive life events, which have negative consequences for their well-being. This is concerning, as 86% of women in the Nigerian labor force are self-employed. Objective: The project’s first objective is to conduct a gendered situational analysis to address the question of how the COVID-19 pandemic and other life events affect the paid and unpaid work and the physical, mental, and social well-being of self-employed young women in Nigeria; their strategies for coping with such events; and how their experiences compare with those of self-employed young men. Informed by this analysis, the second objective is to coproduce and pilot-test a gender-transformative intervention that integrates social protection and promotes well-being. Methods: This multimethod project has 3 components. The first is a situational analysis of the impact of the pandemic and other significant life events on the work and well-being of self-employed young women vis-à-vis self-employed young men. This involves qualitative interviews with approximately 60 self-employed young women and men and a digital storytelling initiative to represent some of these stories in video format. Secondary data analysis of the Nigerian General Household Survey and the COVID-19 Longitudinal Phone Survey will be conducted. Furthermore, a scoping review of the impact of significant life events, including the COVID-19 pandemic, on self-employed workers in low- and middle-income countries will be conducted. The second component is the coproduction of interventions involving qualitative interviews with self-employed young women, members of their support network, and policy makers to find out their views on how to support self-employed women. It also entails an analysis of policies relevant to self-employed women in Nigeria and theory of change workshops to create a map for achieving the long-term goal of improving their resilience. Furthermore, a systematic review of interventions to improve the job quality and well-being of self-employed workers will be conducted. The third component is a pilot of the coproduced interventions in a quasi-experimental study involving 300 participants to assess feasibility, acceptability, cost, and potential effectiveness. Results: This project was funded in October 2022. Data collection for the project commenced in May 2023 and will end in November 2025. Data collection for the situational analysis and coproduction of intervention phases have been completed while the pilot of intervention packages is underway. Conclusions: This project will advance knowledge of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and other significant disruptive life events on the work and well-being of self-employed young Nigerian women and provide coproduced solutions to mitigate their effects.

Background: Mental health during pregnancy is a critical factor influencing maternal and fetal outcomes. Anxiety and depression affect up to 30% of pregnant women, with significant consequences for maternal well-being and child development. Despite this, interventions during pregnancy remain limited, creating a need for innovative, accessible solutions. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an immersive virtual reality (IVR) eHealth intervention in reducing anxiety and depression symptoms in women during pregnancy. Methods: A 2-arm, randomized controlled trial was conducted across 5 primary care centers in Catalonia, Spain, between October 2021 and May 2024. The study included pregnant women (N=70) aged ≥18 years with moderate anxiety and depression symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS] scores: 9-12) at 12 to 14 weeks of gestation. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to an IVR intervention or standard care group. The intervention group engaged in daily 14-minute IVR mindfulness and relaxation sessions for 6 weeks. Mental health outcomes were assessed using the EPDS and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: The intervention group demonstrated significant reductions in EPDS scores, with a mean decrease from 11.32 (SD 0.96) to 7.25 (SD 1.32; P<.001), compared to an increase in the control group from 11.32 (SD 0.94) to 16.23 (SD 1.25; P<.001). Similarly, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores improved markedly in the intervention group (mean decrease from 57.94, SD 5.23 to 35.03, SD 6.12; coefficient –30.47, 95% CI −45.23 to −15.72; P<.001), while the control group experienced a nonsignificant increase (from 66.10, SD 5.89 to 72.91, SD 6.34; P=.68). High adherence rates were observed, with 79% (26/33) of participants completing ≥30 sessions. Participant satisfaction was high, with 87% (29/33) reporting being “very satisfied” with the intervention. Conclusions: The IVR eHealth intervention significantly reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression, demonstrating its potential as an accessible and effective tool for mental health support during pregnancy. High adherence and satisfaction levels underscore its feasibility and acceptability. Future research should explore the long-term effects and scalability of IVR interventions in diverse settings. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05756205; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05756205

Background: Rural, low-income African American people have the highest Alzheimer disease and related dementia (ADRD) incidence and prevalence rates but have the least access to formal dementia care. To support individuals living with ADRD, growing evidence suggests that remote monitoring technologies can augment existing care by facilitating the completion of activities of daily living (ADLs) and maintaining communication between individuals living with ADRD and their care partners. Despite the success of remote technologies, no studies have investigated the usability, acceptability, and feasibility of these technologies among rural, lower-income African American people living with ADRD and their care partners. Understanding the potential impact of remote monitoring technology on this population can guide the development of tailored aging-in-place interventions.

Background: Rural people living with HIV in the United States have higher mortality rates and lower rates of HIV suppression compared to nonrural people living with HIV. In addition, compared to younger people living with HIV, older people living with HIV face numerous challenges to maintaining health and well-being. However, few interventions have targeted health or quality-of-life outcomes in rural older people living with HIV.

Background: Migrant health, including reproductive health, is an important public health priority. The postpartum period is a critical window for establishing healthy behaviors that can impact long-term health. Mobile health interventions offer a scalable solution, but existing tools are often not culturally or linguistically adapted for diverse populations. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has evaluated the effectiveness of a culturally targeted mobile health intervention delivered after childbirth to promote a healthy diet and physical activity among migrant women.

Background: The transition to parenthood requires adjustments to new norms and expectations. While there is significant focus on the parenting transition for birthing parents (persons with a uterus), nonbirthing parents (parents who do not give birth, including fathers, gender-diverse parents, adoptive parents, or nongestational coparents) are less supported. Preventive education via SMS text messaging can fill a health service gap and provide timely, standardized, evidence-based information. The Essential Coaching Postpartum program includes 6 weeks of evidence-based daily SMS text messages on topics such as infant care, normal development, parental mental health, and self-care, with streams designed for birthing parents (Essential Coaching for Every Mother) and nonbirthing parents (Essential Coaching for Every Partner).

Background: Black individuals are more likely to die from colorectal cancer (CRC) and experience more treatment-related side effects compared to White individuals. Physical activity (PA) has been associated with decreased side effects, improved CRC treatment completion rates and responses, and survival. However, Black survivors of CRC are 60% less likely to engage in PA than White survivors. The Physical Activity Centers Empowerment (PACE) study is testing an intervention specifically designed to increase PA among Black individuals diagnosed with CRC.

Background: Communication failures in inpatient maternity care are one of the leading causes of preventable maternal mortality. Most maternal mortality occurs during the postpartum period after hospital discharge. Nurses provide most direct inpatient maternity care and are responsible for postpartum discharge teaching, which is a critical moment for communicating about the care plan, concerns, warning signs, and follow-up plans to the patient, who will likely not be seen by a health care practitioner for 6 weeks, if at all. Objective: The purpose of this study is to develop a deeper understanding of communication practices between nurses and first-time mothers during postpartum discharge teaching, including what supports or hinders the transfer of critical information and recommendations for improvement from the nurses and patients themselves. A secondary objective is to assess the acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness of video-reflexive ethnography (VRE) as an intervention to improve care quality and processes. Methods: We are using a health equity–informed mixed methods study design to develop a deeper understanding of communication practices between nurses and patients during postpartum discharge teaching for first-time mothers, including determinants for optimal communication and recommendations for improvement. Qualitative data will come from VRE, which will take place in 3 rounds: round 1 comprises video recording of actual postpartum discharge teaching, round 2 comprises independent review of the recording by both nurses and mothers, and round 3 comprises group reflexivity sessions with nurse participants. The planned analyses include a qualitative descriptive analysis of the video recordings and qualitative content analyses of the transcripts of the independent review and group reflexivity sessions. Quantitative data will come from a survey of nurse respondents regarding the feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness of using VRE to reflect on and improve their practice. Survey results and reflections on VRE from round 3 will be integrated into a joint display. Results: This project was funded in 2023 and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Pennsylvania on December 6, 2023. Data collection will take place from 2024 to 2025. Results are expected to be published in 2026. Conclusions: Our work aims to engage with nurses and first-time mothers to identify opportunities to improve postpartum discharge teaching and communication. Secondarily, we plan to find out whether study participants find VRE feasible, acceptable, and appropriate for improving the quality of care and health care communication.

Background: Cardiometabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), represent a global health issue, causing significant premature mortality and disability. Blue-collar workers, who often face a higher exposure to risk factors (eg, smoking, poor diet, and lack of physical activity), are particularly vulnerable to these diseases. Workplace health promotion plays a crucial role in mitigating this risk, yet the scope and the characteristics of interventions targeting this specific workforce remain unclear. Objective: The objective of this scoping review will be to assess the extent and characteristics of workplace health promotion interventions aimed at preventing cardiometabolic diseases and their risk factors in blue-collar workers. Methods: The review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. A search of MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Database as well as grey literature will be conducted. The search strategy is designed to capture relevant studies published since 2014 in English, Spanish, Italian, and Polish. Eligible study designs include experimental design (eg, randomized controlled trials), observational studies (eg, longitudinal studies), qualitative research, and mixed-method approaches as well as other formats present in grey literature (eg, reports). This review will include studies focusing on health promotion interventions involving adult blue-collar workers (aged ≥18 years) currently employed, with at least 60% of participants being blue-collar employees. The interventions of interest are workplace health promotion strategies targeting CVD, DM, or their risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, and smoking. Each paper retrieved will be screened for inclusion by at least 2 reviewers. Disagreements between the reviewers will be resolved through discussion with the other reviewers. Studies focusing on noninterventional contexts, mental health, or ergonomic safety will be excluded. Data will be extracted and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods, with a focus on intervention types, participant characteristics, and outcomes. Results: The study began in March 2024 and the full scoping review report is expected to be ready in September 2025. Conclusions: The scoping review presented in this protocol can contribute to filling the knowledge gap by mapping the current state of workplace health promotion interventions aimed at preventing CVD and DM and modifying relevant risk factors in the blue-collar workers’ group.

Background: Aggression and violence are prevalent in forensic psychiatric inpatient care. These behaviours significantly impact treatment outcomes, work environments for staff, and strain relationships among patients and caregivers. Managing such behaviours poses a formidable challenge that necessitates innovative approaches and evidence-based interventions. The Therapeutic Meeting with Aggression (TERMA) intervention consists of an eight-session staff training program designed to equip staff with strategies to de-escalate patient aggression thus reducing violence and increase patients’ and staffs’ perceived safety. Objective: The aim of this project is to evaluate the violence prevention model TERMA regarding perceived safety by patients and staff and adverse events within forensic psychiatric inpatient care. Additionally, the project will investigate whether the organisational culture affect the implementation of the TERMA model. Methods: The project includes an observational study with a before and after design. Implementation of TERMA consists of an eight-seminar staff training program. Data sources include questionnaires, medical records, and registries. Quantitative data will be analysed with descriptive and comparative statistics. To analyse changes between the measurements, the plan is to use dependent sample t-tests or Wilcoxon-Signed Rank, depending on if data is normally distributed or not. The project will also include qualitative interview studies, which will be analysed using qualitative inductive content analysis. Results: Participant enrollment began in July 2023 and was concluded by the end of 2024. Data collection and analysis of quantitative data are expected to be completed by early 2026, after which the study findings will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Collection of qualitative data is scheduled for second half of 2025 and 2026. Conclusions: This study can add valuable knowledge about the effects of violence prevention model TERMA. Clinical Trial: Trial registration number: NCT05932108 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/74295

Mindfulness meditation has been suggested to protect mental health and enhance cognitive functions. However, the effectiveness of mindfulness breathing meditation for the general population in Malaysia has not been well documented. This study investigated the effects of mindfulness breathing meditation on perceived stress levels and cognitive functions (i.e., visual attention, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility) using heart rate variability (HRV) and eye-tracking methods. Fifty Malaysian adults aged between 18 and 34 years participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated to either mindfulness breathing meditation or active control (music therapy) groups. Participants underwent a four-week intervention consisting of 30 min of online classes once a week and 10 min of daily meditation self-practice or music listening. The results showed significant improvement in cognitive flexibility and reduction in perceived stress levels after the intervention in the mindfulness breathing meditation group compared to the active control group. Participants in the mindfulness breathing meditation group self-reported this intervention as highly acceptable and effective in promoting stress reduction, emotional regulation, and attentional control. However, no significant improvement was found in attention, inhibitory control, and HRV after the intervention, suggesting that the mindfulness breathing meditation had no effect on these variables. While short-term engagement with mindfulness breathing meditation practice is achievable, the three-month follow-up using the Mindfulness Adherence Questionnaire showed that sustaining long-term adherence remains a challenge.

Background: Black children and youth disproportionately experience systemic discrimination, racism, stereotypes, and academic streaming, which negatively affect their well-being. Although they often demonstrate high aspirations and resilience, dominant narratives remain deficit-based, emphasizing challenges over strengths. The limited research on resilience among Black children and youth in Canada restricts the development of informed policy and future scholarship. Objective: This scoping review aims to identify, describe, and synthesize existing evidence on the facilitators of and barriers to resilience among Black children and youth in Canada and the United States. Given the shared histories of anti-Black racism and similarly structured systems, such as education, health care, and child welfare, the scope of this study extends to the United States to offer relevant insights that can help inform policy, practice, and future research in both contexts. Methods: This review will be guided by a methodological framework for scoping reviews proposed by Arksey and O’Malley and advanced by Levac and colleagues. We searched 4 multidisciplinary electronic databases (CINAHL, Ovid MEDLINE, ERIC, and PsycINFO) for relevant reports. The Thesis and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global database will also be searched for unpublished student theses and dissertations. Two independent researchers will complete the screening process. Using the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines, the findings will be synthesized quantitatively and qualitatively through thematic analysis. Results: Data screening is ongoing and will be followed by data extraction, analysis, and the drafting of the final manuscript for peer-reviewed publication. Conclusions: This scoping review will generate critical insights into the multifaceted factors that support or hinder resilience among Black children and youth in Canada and the United States. By centering intersectionality and community-engaged approaches, the findings will inform equity-oriented policies, culturally responsive practices, and future research that amplifies the strengths of Black young people. Ultimately, this scoping review will contribute to disrupting systemic inequities and supporting the flourishing of Black children and youth across diverse contexts. Trial Registration:

Background: COVID-19 transmission rates in South Asia initially were under control when governments implemented health policies aimed at controlling the pandemic such as quarantines, travel bans, and border, business, and school closures. Governments have since relaxed public health restrictions, which resulted in significant outbreaks, shifting the global epicenter of COVID-19 to India. Ongoing systematic public health surveillance of the COVID-19 pandemic is needed to inform disease prevention policy to re-establish control over the pandemic within South Asia. Objective: This study aimed to inform public health leaders about the state of the COVID-19 pandemic, how South Asia displays differences within and among countries and other global regions, and where immediate action is needed to control the outbreaks. Methods: We extracted COVID-19 data spanning 62 days from public health registries and calculated traditional and enhanced surveillance metrics. We use an empirical difference equation to measure the daily number of cases in South Asia as a function of the prior number of cases, the level of testing, and weekly shifts in variables with a dynamic panel model that was estimated using the generalized method of moments approach by implementing the Arellano–Bond estimator in R. Results: Traditional surveillance metrics indicate that South Asian countries have an alarming outbreak, with India leading the region with 310,310 new daily cases in accordance with the 7-day moving average. Enhanced surveillance indicates that while Pakistan and Bangladesh still have a high daily number of new COVID-19 cases (n=4819 and n=3878, respectively), their speed of new infections declined from April 12-25, 2021, from 2.28 to 2.18 and 3.15 to 2.35 daily new infections per 100,000 population, respectively, which suggests that their outbreaks are decreasing and that these countries are headed in the right direction. In contrast, India’s speed of new infections per 100,000 population increased by 52% during the same period from 14.79 to 22.49 new cases per day per 100,000 population, which constitutes an increased outbreak. Conclusions: Relaxation of public health restrictions and the spread of novel variants fueled the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia. Public health surveillance indicates that shifts in policy and the spread of new variants correlate with a drastic expansion in the pandemic, requiring immediate action to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Surveillance is needed to inform leaders whether policies help control the pandemic.

Background: Childhood obesity frequently persists into adulthood and is associated with an increased risk and earlier onset of cardiovascular disease in later life. Behavioral change strategies have been proposed as the first-line weight management approach for children and adolescents with obesity. Nonpharmacological interventions, such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) auricular acupressure treatment and intermittent low-carbohydrate diet (ILCD), are increasingly being investigated in the young obese population. However, there is limited high-quality evidence about effectiveness and safety in weight control and reducing cardiometabolic risk in the pediatric population. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effect of cardiometabolic risk reduction between TCM auricular acupressure treatment (TAAT) and ILCD in children with overweight or obesity with gastric-heat and dampness-obstruction syndrome. Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial. Eligible participants are children with overweight or obesity and enrolled at the obesity clinic of the department of TCM at a tertiary children’s hospital. Eligible participants must meet the following criteria: (1) be aged between 6 and 18 years, (2) be overweight, and (3) have gastric-heat and dampness-obstruction syndrome. Recruited children will be randomized 3:1 to receive either TAAT or a self-administered ILCD for 1 month: 150 in the TAAT group and 50 in the ILCD group. The primary outcome is the change in body weight from the beginning of treatment to the end of 1 month. Secondary outcomes included body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, BMI, blood pressure, body fat content, indexes of liver and renal function, indexes of glucose metabolism, gut microbiota, and TCM syndrome scores at the end of 1 month and 3 months, respectively. Primary statistical analyses were conducted using the intention-to-treat strategy. A generalized linear model was used to compare the difference in weight change between the groups, with the baseline body weight as the covariate, to obtain the estimate of the mean difference in body weight change and its 95% CI, using Gaussian for family function and identity for link function. Results: The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethical committee and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on May 5, 2023, before recruitment. Recruitment began in June 2023 and is expected to be completed by December 2025. As of November 2024, we have enrolled 112 participants. Conclusions: This randomized controlled trial will provide evidence on the treatment effects and safety of TAAT versus ILCD among children with overweight or obesity with gastric-heat and dampness-obstruction syndrome, in reducing body weight and improving cardiometabolic risks. Exploratory aims include potential underlying mechanisms of the 2 kinds of interventions, based on biosamples. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05847478. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05847478

Background: Mobile Health (mHealth) interventions offer a promising way to support healthy lifestyle habits, but effectiveness depends on user engagement. Maintaining high user engagement in app-based interventions is important, yet challenging. Objective: We aimed to examine the association between user engagement with an app-based dietary education for people with type 2 diabetes and changes in diet quality, dietary intake, and clinical measures. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, people with type 2 diabetes were recruited within primary care and randomized 1:1 to a 12-week smartphone-delivered app-based dietary education or control group. Participants were followed up after 3-, 6- and 12-months. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The control group received the app at the 3-month follow-up. User engagement was analysed among all participants. Categories of high (100%), moderate (50-99.9%), and low (<50%) user engagement were created based on the percentage of activities completed in the app. We used paired t-tests to compare mean changes in diet quality, dietary intake and clinical markers within user engagement groups, and fitted linear regression models to analyse differences in change between groups. Results: Data from 119 participants (60.5% men) was analysed. Mean age at baseline was 63.2 years and mean BMI was 30.1 kg/m2. User engagement was high with an average of 77.1% of app activities completed. More than half (53.8%) of users showed high user engagement, 21.8% moderate, and 24.4% low. Directly following the app-based education, a significant difference in change was seen for whole grains (β=20.4, 95%CI: 0.57-40.3) in participants with high user engagement compared to the low user engagement group who decreased their intake (p=0.03). At follow-up after 6 to 9 months after completed education, significant differences in change were seen for fibre, wholegrains, carbohydrates, saturated fat, sodium, and total energy in the moderate compared to the low engagement group, and a significant difference in change was seen for carbohydrates in the high, compared to the low, user engagement group. Conclusions: User engagement was generally high for the smartphone-based dietary education, suggesting that an app targeting dietary habits is feasible to use. Those with higher user engagement seem to maintain healthier dietary behaviours over time, compared to those with low user engagement. Future mHealth interventions should focus on ways to engage those with low interest. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03784612; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03784612

Background: Colles fracture, a common wrist injury, often requires surgical intervention. After surgery, patients may experience persistent pain and reduced wrist function, potentially resulting in long-term disability. In clinical practice, traditional Chinese medicine practitioners frequently use Ru-Yi-Jin-Huang-Saan (RYJHS) to treat such patients in Taiwan. RYJHS is a traditional Chinese herbal formula with a history spanning centuries, primarily used topically for the treatment of bone fractures and the promotion of healing. However, there is currently a lack of substantial clinical evidence supporting its efficacy in the management of postsurgical Colles fractures. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating the clinical effectiveness of RYJHS. Objective: This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of RYJHS in postsurgical Colles fracture cases. An additional objective is to provide an alternative treatment option for postoperative patients unable to take anti-inflammatory and pain relief medications. Methods: This is a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 100 postoperative patients with Colles fracture, aged 20-80 years, will be recruited for this study. They will be randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group in a 1:1 allocation ratio. Both groups will receive standard postoperative Colles fracture treatment. The primary outcome measure will assess wrist functional recovery using the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation score. Secondary outcomes will include C-reactive protein levels and ultrasound measurements of wrist swelling. All of these examinations will be assessed at baseline, 3 days after surgery, and 6 days after surgery. In addition, the Dyshidrotic Eczema Area and Severity Index will be used to monitor for adverse skin reactions. Results: This protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on December 6, 2022. It was performed in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations of the participating institutions. Recruitment began in May 2023, with data collection expected to conclude in May 2025. Study completion is expected in December 2025. Conclusions: This is the first protocol discussing the assessment of the therapeutic efficacy and safety of topical traditional Chinese medicine in patients after fracture surgery. The protocol will establish an integrated care model combining both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine for postsurgical fracture cases. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05638360; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05638360

Background: French Guiana, an overseas territory located in the Guiana Shield in South America, faces unique social and demographic challenges, particularly in relation to migration. Haitians represent 1 of the 3 largest foreign communities in the region and face specific barriers to health care access and prevention. They are also a population exposed to HIV infection. Objective: This Parcours d’Haïti study aims to update knowledge on the health of the Haitian population residing in French Guiana. From a quantitative standpoint, the primary objective of this study was to assess the frequency of sexual behaviors that expose Haitian individuals to HIV risk after arriving in French Guiana and explore the association of this risk with their living conditions. This study adopts a transdisciplinary approach to understand the broader determinants of health and the processes underlying HIV transmission. Methods: This mixed methods study involves a quantitative epidemiological and biographical analysis of Haitian individuals aged 18 to 60 years who have lived in French Guiana for more than 3 months. The biographical component uses a detailed grid that tracks key life events since birth. The qualitative component includes 3 substudies based on semistructured interviews and focus groups with Haitian people and health care professionals. These aim to deepen understanding of health care access, use of traditional and biomedical care, and mental health among Haitians. A phylogenetic component describes the distribution of clades of the Pol gene in the viruses of people living with HIV. The study materials were cocreated with local stakeholders. Recruitment of this partially hidden population used an innovative method involving all local actors and targeting key locations frequented by the Haitian community. Data collection and recruitment were carried out by Haitian Creole–speaking peer investigators (community health mediators). Results: Over 20 months between 2021 and 2023, the Parcours d’Haïti study was implemented in French Guiana. Anticipated results suggest that the main reasons for migration include insecurity and fleeing violence. Upon arrival, Haitian people likely experience significant economic hardship and social isolation. Mental health deterioration is expected, with high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder. People living with HIV are expected to face heightened vulnerability compared to HIV-negative individuals even though they already struggle with precarious living conditions. The qualitative findings regarding health care use indicate that Haitian people encounter numerous barriers to accessing health care, such as administrative complexity, language, and financial and mobility issues. The anthropological results are expected to emphasize the magical-religious origins of HIV and the use of plants and traditional medicine for its treatment. Phylogenetic results are anticipated to show a high prevalence of Caribbean B HIV subtypes. Conclusions: The Parcours d’Haïti study aims to provide valuable insights into the health determinants and HIV-related risks in the Haitian population in French Guiana. These findings should help refine health care policies and practices to better meet the specific needs of this population. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05174234; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05174234

Background: Australian Aboriginal children experience dental decay at more than twice the rate of non-Aboriginal children. The Select Committee into the Provision of and Access to Dental Services in Australia noted that the rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations was the highest among children aged between 5 and 9 years and was higher among Indigenous Australians and those living in remote locations. The application of a silver fluoride (AgF) solution to decayed surfaces has been shown to be effective in stopping the decay process and reducing the occurrence of new decay but has been tested to a limited extent in the Australian context. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using the skills of an Aboriginal health practitioner to undertake the application of AgF to carious primary molars to arrest the caries progression and prevent the occurrence of new caries among young Aboriginal children in remote communities. Methods: This study is a cluster-randomized controlled trial with communities randomized and stratified based on caries level and water fluoridation status. The trial will recruit 640 children (aged between 6 months and 7 years) from 30 communities. Informed consent will be obtained. At baseline, each child in the intervention group will be examined by a calibrated examiner and subsequently by an oral health practitioner who will prescribe to an Aboriginal health practitioner the teeth to be treated with AgF. A formulation with 38% AgF will be applied for 1 minute (0.004 mL per tooth). The control group will be provided with standard minimally invasive care. Participants will be followed annually for 2 years to assess caries arrest and prevention by blinded calibrated examiners. Child oral health–related quality of life and dental anxiety will be elicited through validated questionnaires. Tests of proportions will be used to evaluate the proportion of lesions arrested and the proportion of surfaces at risk that decayed over the follow-up. Multiple logistic regression with appropriate control for clustering of teeth and communities will be used to evaluate caries arrest, controlling for potential confounding factors. Results: Community engagement has commenced, and data collection protocols have been prepared. Staff specific to the study (eg, Aboriginal health practitioners or workers) are in the process of recruitment. Participant recruitment will commence in March 2026 and conclude in December 2026. Study outcomes will be reported at 12- and 24-month follow-ups. Conclusions: This study will test the effectiveness and feasibility of a non-oral health professional applying AgF to achieve caries arrest and prevention and validate clinical findings against digital imagery acquired on site. This pragmatic study will inform the development of suitable and accessible models of care for dental service provision in rural and remote communities in Australia. Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12624000457549p; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=387518&amp;isReview=true

Background: Drug efflux mediated by transporter proteins is one of the major mechanisms conferring multidrug resistance (MDR) to antimicrobial agents in bacteria and to chemotherapeutics in cancer cells. Therefore, the development or identification of efflux modulators represents a promising strategy to overcome the resistant phenotype. Various chemical compounds have been tested in experimental studies as reversal agents either in combination with antimicrobial or anticancer drugs and have shown sensitizing activity in resistant bacteria or cancer cell lines. Owing to the common resistance mechanisms exhibited by bacteria and cancer cells, the identification of chemical agents with dual reversal activity offers a strategy to simultaneously combat antibacterial and cancer multidrug resistance. Objective: This study aims to conduct a systematic review to identify compounds that have shown activity in reversing antibacterial as well as cancer MDR mediated by drug efflux pumps and to summarize their structural and biological parameters responsible for the interactions with drug efflux pumps. Methods: The protocol has been developed in accordance with PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guidelines. We searched PubMed and Scopus databases for abstracts of full-text peer-reviewed journal papers in English language published between January 2012 and September 2024. Only studies from in vitro experiments were considered if they used methods to detect changes in antibiotic sensitivity of resistant bacteria and chemosensitivity of resistant cancer cells upon treatment with efflux pump inhibitors. A total of 763 unique records were identified. Of them, 246 were selected for full-text review based on the eligibility criteria. Abstract screening was performed by 2 independent reviewers. As of March 1, 2025, the systematic review is at the stage of completed abstract screening. The next steps of the full-text review, study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment will be performed by 2 independent reviewers as well. Main data elements will include a structural identifier of the tested inhibitor, bacterial strain, cancer cell line, methods proving reversal activity, half maximal inhibitory concentration, and other relevant quantitative estimates of reversal activity. Data synthesis will be performed as a narrative summary and the content will be curated in tabular and graphical form. Results: We anticipate that results from this study will outline the potential of various compounds to act as dual chemosensitizers and reverse both antimicrobial and cancer MDR. Conclusions: Our review will highlight the overlap between efflux pumps’ inhibition as a strategy to combat MDR in both bacterial and cancer cells and it will provide structured data for rational drug design of dual efflux pump inhibitors. Trial Registration: PROSPERO CRD42024548350; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024548350

Background: Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid (PDL) is a proprietary Chinese medicine preparation widely used for upper respiratory tract infection, known for its significant therapeutic effects. However, the safety profiles reported in several observational studies vary, and these studies primarily focus on efficacy rather than specifically addressing safety concerns, thus representing inadequate safety monitoring. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with PDL and explore the factors contributing to these reactions. Methods: The study is a prospective, observational, multicenter, hospital-based surveillance study. A total of 17 hospitals from China are involved. The study is expected to enroll a large sample of 10,000 patients aged between 18 and 80 years with upper respiratory tract infection who were prescribed PDL. The patients’ data, including demographics, medical history, diagnostic information, medication details, adverse events, and laboratory test results, will be monitored. The occurrence of ADRs will be recorded. The primary outcome is the incidence of ADR. Secondary outcomes are the ratio of patients whose body temperature return to the normal range (cases of body temperature normalization and the duration for achieving normal body temperature within a 3-day period will be documented) and changes in liver and kidney function (occurrence of drug-induced liver injury and acute kidney injury). Descriptive analyses will be performed for the primary and secondary outcomes. A cohort, nested, case-control study design will be used. If one patient has an ADR, then 4 patients without ADRs will be matched as the control group according to gender, age within 5 years, drug batch, and other factors, at a ratio of 1∶4 to compare the symptoms related to ADRs. The differences of ADR incidence among the possible influencing factors will be compared separately to find the factors with large differences. Then, synthetic minority oversampling technique and group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator methods will be used to identify factors influencing the occurrence of ADRs. Finally, propensity scoring methods will be used to control for confounding variables. The progress of each subcenter will be closely monitored, and the incidence of ADR will be systematically calculated. Furthermore, the characteristics and influencing factors of ADR will be analyzed, along with an investigation into its geographical distribution. Results: The study began on July 17, 2019. Due to the limited number of eligible patients, missed follow-ups, and the huge clinical burden caused by public health events in 2019, the final case will be enrolled on August 30, 2025. Conclusions: This study will obtain safety results of PDL in the real world and provide guidance on the clinical safety of traditional Chinese medicine formulations. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04031651; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04031651

[Context] An evidence briefing is a concise and objective transfer medium that can present the main findings of a study to software engineers in the industry. Although practitioners and researchers have deemed Evidence Briefings useful, their production requires manual labor, which may be a significant challenge to their broad adoption. [Goal] The goal of this registered report is to describe an experimental protocol for evaluating LLM-generated evidence briefings for secondary studies in terms of content fidelity, ease of understanding, and usefulness, as perceived by researchers and practitioners, compared to human-made briefings. [Method] We developed an RAG-based LLM tool to generate evidence briefings. We used the tool to automatically generate two evidence briefings that had been manually generated in previous research efforts. We designed a controlled experiment to evaluate how the LLM-generated briefings compare to the human-made ones regarding perceived content fidelity, ease of understanding, and usefulness. [Results] To be reported after the experimental trials. [Conclusion] Depending on the experiment results.

Background: Global concern for the mental well-being of university students is on the rise. Recent studies estimate that around 30% of students experience mental health disorders, and nearly 80% of these individuals do not receive adequate treatment. Brazil, home to around eight million university students, lacks sufficient research addressing their mental health. To address this gap, we aim to conduct a longitudinal mental health survey at 2 Brazilian universities. Objective: This paper outlines the research protocol for a web-based mental health survey designed to assess the well-being of Brazilian university students. Methods: The survey targets undergraduate students (N=8028) from 2 institutions: UniFAJ (Centro Universitário de Jaguariúna) and UniMAX (Centro Universitário Max Planck). Students will be invited to respond to self-reported questionnaires, including theSMILE-U (lifestyle and quality of life), the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition]) self-rated level 1 cross-cutting symptom measure, and a brief version of the Adult Self-Report Scale for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Students who exceed thresholds for conditions such as depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder will receive additional diagnostic instruments. The survey will be conducted annually, tracking individual and group trajectories and enrolling new cohorts each year. Data will be analyzed using cross-sectional and longitudinal methods, focusing on descriptive, associative, and trajectory analyses. Results: The first wave of data collection began in February 2024 and is expected to conclude in December 2024. As of October 2024, a total of 2034 of 7455 (27.2 in 100) eligible students had completed the questionnaire. Cross-sectional statistical analysis is planned to commence immediately after data collection and is expected to be completed by June 2025. Conclusions: This survey uses a scalable, cost-effective design to evaluate mental health conditions among Brazilian university students. The longitudinal framework facilitates the monitoring of mental health trends, supports the development of targeted interventions, and informs policy initiatives in higher education. Trial Registration: OSF Registries OSF.IO/AM5WS; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AM5WS

Background: Metastasis is the primary cause of poor prognosis and high mortality in lung cancer. Surgery with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard treatment for patients with stage IIA-IIIA lung cancer with negative driver genes. However, recurrence rates remain significant. In China, traditional Chinese medicine shows potential as an adjuvant therapy to reduce treatment toxicity and improve clinical efficacy. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate its efficacy and safety in preventing postoperative metastasis in driver gene-negative stage IIA-IIIA lung cancer, based on the promising preclinical results of Fuzheng Quxie Formula against lung cancer metastasis. In this trial, we hypothesize that the treatment group will have better efficacy and safety than the control group. Methods: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel group trial will be conducted. Eligible patients will be randomized into a treatment group (daily Fuzheng Quxie Formula granules+regular chemotherapy) and a control group (daily Chinese medicine placebo granules+regular chemotherapy) in a ratio of 1:1. Fuzheng Quxie Formula will be administered orally, twice a day, in the morning and evening, for 6 months. Patients will be followed up after the end of treatment for 18 months. After the end of the program, follow-up will be continued for 5 years or until the patient dies (or progressed). The primary efficacy endpoint is disease-free survival, and the secondary efficacy endpoints are overall survival, minimal residual disease, circulating tumor cells, Chinese medicine symptom score, quality-of-life assessment, immune indicators, tumor markers, peripheral blood systemic immune-inflammation index, and prognostic nutritional index. We will conduct per-protocol analyses on these outcomes. In addition, we will also evaluate the safety of the Fuzheng Quxie Formula. Results: This study began screening and recruitment in March 2023. Recruitment is ongoing; by the end of 2024, a total of 180 eligible participants will be enrolled. Recruitment will continue until the end of June 2025 or until the target sample is reached. We estimate that the results will be published by March 2026. Conclusions: This study is a high-quality, large-scale, multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. This will be the first trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Fuzheng Quxie Formula in inhibiting metastasis after surgery in stage IIA-IIIA lung cancer with negative driver genes. Provide a basis for the clinical application of Fuzheng Quxie Formula. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06381960; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06381960

Background: Combating the rise of drug-resistant organisms and minimizing side effects requires a shift in how we approach the duration of antibiotic therapy. A promising strategy involves tailoring the length of antibiotic therapy to patients’ needs, allowing discontinuation once patients feel better. Objective: This study aims to assess whether shortening antibiotic therapy based on patients’ recovery time is as effective as completing the full course in treating acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Methods: We plan to enroll a minimum of 474 outpatients ranging from 18 to 75 years of age with clinical features of acute RTIs across Spanish health centers. Patients diagnosed with acute lower RTIs or acute rhinosinusitis, deemed by clinicians to require a β-lactam course, will be randomized to either usual care, involving a full-course antibiotic therapy based on current guidelines, or a tailored approach. In the intervention group, patients will be advised to visit the center as soon as they feel better and are afebrile for a clinical assessment and C-reactive protein rapid testing. Treatment will be discontinued if these clinical results are normal. The primary outcome will be assessment of clinical resolution at day 14, while secondary outcomes include antibiotics given and duration; adherence to the prescribed antibiotic; other therapies given; early clinical assessment at day 7; days of severe, moderate, and any symptom, complications and reattendance within the first month; drug-related adverse events; absenteeism; and health-related quality of life. All participants will be given a symptom diary, recording their symptoms each evening. Additionally, a cost-effectiveness study and qualitative studies involving clinicians and patients aimed at exploring the strategy’s pros, cons, uptake, and satisfaction levels will be carried out. Results: The final results will be published by the end of 2027. Conclusions: We will examine whether adults who present with symptoms of RTI who are treated with antibiotic courses until they feel better are as effective as longer standard courses. It is highly important that a possible reduction in the antibiotic course as soon as the patient feels better does not compromise patients’ recovery. This comprehensive approach aims to shed light on the practicality and impact of tailoring antibiotic duration in RTIs. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06581367; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06581367

Background: While access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an important tool for reducing HIV incidence in the United States, disparities in uptake by race, sex, socioeconomic status, and geography persist. In 2018, the US South accounted for more than half of all new HIV diagnoses but only one-third of PrEP users. PrEP use in North Carolina (NC) similarly lags, with uptake being the lowest among young, sexual and gender minority populations, who account for nearly two-thirds of the state’s incident infections. The PrEP-to-need ratio, a metric of PrEP equity that measures PrEP uptake relative to new HIV diagnoses, highlights disparities in PrEP uptake among specific demographic groups such as women and Black, Hispanic, and Southern people, indicating that these groups are underserved relative to their epidemic need. Despite behavioral risk overlap of incident sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV, in NC, PrEP is only offered at a few primarily urban health department–affiliated STI clinics. The lack of robust health care infrastructure in these areas presents challenges for HIV prevention services. Objective: This protocol describes a randomized controlled trial of a multilevel PrEP intervention recruiting from rural and periurban STI clinics. Methods: This trial aims to enroll up to 336 participants and randomly assign them 1:1 to either the intervention or control group. The intervention consists of access to a digital health app, linkage to a remote PrEP navigator, and the option of referral to telehealth-based PrEP services. Persons randomly assigned to the control condition will receive an enhanced standard of care, including access to a limited version of the digital health app. All participants will be followed up on quarterly for at least 3 months. The primary outcome is the initiation of PrEP within 3 months of an index STI clinic visit; secondary outcomes evaluate PrEP care engagement and adherence, incident HIV and bacterial STI infections, PrEP stigma, and cost-effectiveness. Binary outcome analyses will estimate the proportion of participants achieving an event (eg, PrEP uptake) in each arm and a probability difference and the corresponding 95% CI to compare the intervention versus control arm at each time point. Continuous end points will use nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum tests comparing the intervention and control groups. Results: Enrollment opened on August 31, 2023, at 15 health departments in NC and subsequently expanded to 21 facilities in 20 counties by July 2024. Completion of the enrollment and data collection phases is expected by May 2025. Results will be published thereafter. Conclusions: This study directly addresses multiple barriers to PrEP use in rural and periurban areas of the Southeastern United States and can inform policy and programming that seek to expand PrEP access and promote use in underserved communities. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05984030; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05984030

Background: The incidence of many common chronic childhood conditions has increased globally in the past few decades, which has been suggested to be potentially attributed to antibiotic overuse leading to dysbiosis in the gut microbiome. Objective: This linkage study will assess the role of antibiotic use in utero and in early life in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D), attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: The study design involves several retrospective cohort studies using linked administrative health and social data from Statistics New Zealand’s Integrated Data Infrastructure. It uses data from all children who were born in New Zealand between October 2005 and December 2010 (N=334,204) and their mothers. Children’s antibiotic use is identified for 4 time periods (at pregnancy, at ≤1 year, at ≤2 years, and at ≤5 years), and the development of T1D, ADHD, and inflammatory bowel disease is measured from the end of the antibiotic use periods until death, emigration, or the end of the follow-up period (2021), whichever came first. Children who emigrated or died before the end of the antibiotic use period are excluded. Cox proportional hazards regression models are used while adjusting for a range of potential confounders. Results: As of September 2024, data linkage has been completed, involving the integration of antibiotic exposure and outcome variables for 315,789 children. Preliminary analyses show that both prenatal and early life antibiotic consumption is associated with T1D. Full analyses for all 3 outcomes will be completed by the end of 2025. Conclusions: This series of linked cohort studies using detailed, complete, and systematically collected antibiotic prescription data will provide critical new knowledge regarding the role of antibiotics in the development of common chronic childhood conditions. Thus, this study has the potential to contribute to the development of primary prevention strategies through, for example, targeted changes in antibiotic use.

Background: Despite the availability of highly effective HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), uptake and adherence to PrEP among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) remains low, limiting its impact on the prevention of HIV infection. Strategies that incorporate an array of prevention options and provide YMSM and their providers with tailored education and support tools, including tools to support shared decision-making, are needed. Objective: The goals of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)–funded PrEP Choice study include the development and deployment of CDC guideline–consistent PrEP provider training and the implementation of evidence-based provider- and client-facing PrEP education and support tools. Under this initiative, the CDC funded 2 research projects, Florida State University (the Expanding PrEP in Communities of Color [EPICC] project), and Columbia University (the mChoice project). Methods: Providers from both projects will complete the PrEP Choice online training, which was developed to educate providers on PrEP options and how to engage clients in open discussions around sexual health and PrEP options. EPICC project providers will also attend online tailored motivational interviewing (TMI) training sessions, and mChoice project providers will view a training video on cultural competency and humility in PrEP care. Following training, each project will enroll a cohort of 400 participants receiving care from study providers and follow them for 12-18 months. Participants will complete online surveys every 3 months and provide biomarkers to assess PrEP adherence. Electronic health record (EHR) data will be collected every 6 months to provide additional information on clinic attendance, PrEP prescriptions, and HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. Each project will provide cohort participants with a unique digital health tool to support the PrEP choice and ongoing adherence. The study will assess the effectiveness of training and educational and support tools in practice and the critical factors associated with the successful uptake of and adherence to PrEP by participants. The study will also monitor patterns of PrEP use among YMSM, including types of PrEP and switching between types. Results: Formative work to develop and prepare the tools for implementation was completed in 2023. The EPICC project began provider training in early 2024, and the mChoice project began in spring 2024. Cohort enrollment for both projects began after provider training began. Conclusions: Given the changing PrEP landscape, implementation of provider education and tools to maximize uptake and adherence is needed. By delivering culturally competent and interactive provider training on PrEP options, the study will help providers counsel and guide participants on the effective and safe use of PrEP. The digital health tools created will support participant adherence to help them optimize PrEP benefits. Through the cohort design, the PrEP Choice study will provide real-world data about PrEP use that will be critical for informing future guidelines and tools.

Background: Measuring vital signs (VS) is important in potentially unwell children, as a change in VS may indicate a more serious infection than is clinically apparent or herald clinical deterioration. However, currently available methods are not suitable for regular measurement of VS in the home or community setting, and adherence can be poor. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted a need for the contactless measurement of VS by nonclinical personnel, reinforced by the growing use of telemedicine. The Lifelight app is being developed as a medical device for the contactless measurement of VS using remote photoplethysmography via the camera on smart devices. The VISION-D (Measurement of Vital Signs by Lifelight Software in Comparison to the Standard of Care—Development) and -V (Validation) studies demonstrated the accuracy of the app compared with standard of care (SOC) measurement of blood pressure, pulse rate (PR), and respiratory rate (RR) in adults, supporting certification of Lifelight as a class I Conformité Européenne medical device. Objective: To support the development of the Lifelight app for pediatric patients, the VISION-Junior study is collecting high-quality data that will be used to develop algorithms for the measurement of VS (PR, RR, and oxygen saturation) in pediatric patients. The accuracy of the app will be assessed against SOC measurements made simultaneously with app measurements. Methods: The study is recruiting pediatric patients (younger than 18 years of age) attending the Sunderland Royal Hospital pediatric emergency department of the South Tyneside and Sunderland National Health Service Foundation Trust. High-resolution videos of the face (and torso in children younger than 5 years of age) and audio recordings (to explore the value of crying, wheezing, coughing, and other sounds in predicting illness) are made using the Lifelight Data Collect app. VS are measured simultaneously using SOC methods (finger clip sensor for PR and oxygen saturation; manual counting of RR). Feedback from patients, parents, carers, and nurses who use Lifelight is collected via questionnaires. Anticipated recruitment is 500 participants, with subtargets for age, sex, and skin tone distribution (Fitzpatrick 6-point scale). Early data will be used to refine the algorithms. A separate dataset will be retained to test the performance of the app against predefined targets. Results: The study started on June 12, 2023, and reached its recruitment target (n=532) in April 2024 after extending the deadline. Algorithm refinement is in progress, after which the performance of Lifelight will be compared with the SOC measurement of VS. The analyses are expected to be completed by mid-August 2024. Conclusions: Data collected in this study will be used to develop and assess the accuracy of the app for the measurement of VS in pediatric patients of all ages. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05850013; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05850013

Background: Dementia is a global health priority with significant challenges due to its complex nature and increasing prevalence. Health systems worldwide struggle to address chronic conditions like dementia, often providing fragmented care. However, information about how health systems respond to the needs of people with dementia and their carers, and the quality of care provided, is scarce in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: This study aims to assess the quality of the health system to provide diagnosis and care for people with dementia and their carers in Peru. In order to do this, the study will explore the response of the Peruvian health system to people with dementia and their carers, and explore the experiences of people with dementia of receiving their diagnosis, management, and quality of care for this condition. Methods: This study is part of a research program called “IMPACT Salud: Innovations using Mhealth for people with dementia and Co-morbidities,” aimed at strengthening health systems to provide care for people with dementia and their carers. The study has a descriptive, cross-sectional design that uses a qualitative methodology, including stakeholder interviews and documentation review, and consists of 2 substudies, a health system assessment (HSA) and an exploration of the patient journey. The first substudy uses an HSA methodology suitable for low- and middle-income countries, conducting 160 structured interviews with 12 different stakeholder types across 3 levels of the health system (micro, meso, and macro) in 4 Peruvian regions, each with distinct geographical and urbanization profiles. The second substudy uses a patient journey methodology, which involves conducting 40 in-depth interviews with people with dementia, carers, and health care workers from the same 4 regions. The insights into the people with dementia patient and caregiver experience within the health system from the interviews will be used to produce a patient journey map. The analysis will be guided by the high-quality health system framework, and the findings from the HSA and patient journey will be structured using the domains included in the framework through the lens of quality of services. Results: Data collection began in March 2024. As of the end of September 2024, a total of 156 interviews from the HSA and 38 interviews from the patient journey study have been conducted across 4 regions. Conclusions: This study will provide a national, multilevel insight into the current operation of the Peruvian health system, including an analysis of the quality of services provided with regard to dementia diagnosis, management, and care from the perspectives of stakeholders, patients, and their carers.

Background: Digital health interventions can support health-related knowledge transfer, for example through websites or mobile applications, and may reduce health inequalities by making health care available, where access is difficult, and by translating content to overcome language barriers. However, digital health intervention can also increase health inequalities due to the digital divide. To reach digitally excluded populations, design and delivery mechanisms need to specifically address this issue.

Background: This study describes the protocol for a realist process evaluation of IMPART (Improving Palliative Care in Residential Aged Care Using Telehealth), to be trialed through a pragmatic stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial in Australia. IMPART consists of 2 key intervention activities: specialist palliative support provided through telehealth and tailored staff education. Objective: The aims of the realist process evaluation are to (1) identify and explore the contexts and mechanisms that enable or hinder the implementation of the IMPART intervention, and (2) develop and refine a program theory to determine whether and how successful implementation of IMPART can be facilitated. Methods: We will conduct this process evaluation in 3 phases, guided by a realist framework. First, to hypothesize an initial program theory, we will review trial documentation and literature to determine how IMPART is expected to work and identify the barriers and facilitators likely to influence implementation. To test this theory in the second phase, a case study methodology will draw on multiple data sources (qualitative and quantitative) from 10 participating residential aged care facilities. These include interviews with staff involved in implementation, data on staff engagement with training, program documentation, activity logs, action plans, and facility information. In the final phase, program theories developed from the case studies will be refined through consultation with the IMPART research team. This will inform the development of a refined program theory that provides key information about what works, for whom, how, and in what circumstances in the implementation of interventions aiming to improve palliative care in residential aged care. Results: This study was reviewed and approved by the Royal Melbourne Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee. The randomized controlled trial commenced in May 2023, with completion anticipated in November 2025. Funding began in January 2022. Data for the realist process evaluation will be collected between May 2023 and February 2026. As of October 2025, a total of 61 interviews have been completed. Data analysis is ongoing, and a publication describing the results will be prepared in 2026. Conclusions: Applying a realist framework to explore process outcomes allows for an in-depth inquiry into what works, for whom, how, and in what circumstances in the implementation of complex interventions aiming to improve palliative care in residential aged care. This realist process evaluation has the potential to provide transferable, context-specific findings that can support the development of meaningful policy and accelerate practice change. Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12622000760774; https://tinyurl.com/2uv34unr

Background: Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) leverages large language models (LLMs) that are transforming health care. Specialized ambient GenAI tools, like Nuance Dax, Speke, and Tandem Health, “listen” to consultations and generate clinical notes. Medical-focused models, like Med-PaLM, provide tailored health care insights. GenAI’s capability to summarize complex data and generate responses in various conversational styles or literacy levels makes it particularly valuable since it has the potential to alleviate the burden of clinical documentation on health care professionals (HCPs). While GenAI may prove to be helpful, offering novel benefits, it comes with its own set of challenges. The quality of the source data can introduce biases, leading to skewed recommendations or outright false information (so-called hallucinations). In addition, due to the conversational nature of chatbot responses, users may be susceptible to misinformation, posing risks to both safety and privacy. Therefore, careful implementation and rigorous oversight are essential to ensure accuracy, ethical integrity, and alignment with clinical standards. Despite these advances, currently, no review has investigated HCPs’ experiences and opinions about GenAI in clinical documentation. Yet, such a perspective is crucial to better understand how these technologies can be safely and ethically adopted and implemented in clinical practice. Objective: We aim to present the protocol for a scoping review exploring HCPs’ experiences and opinions about GenAI and ambient scribes in clinical documentation. Methods: This scoping review will be carried out following the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews) checklist. Relevant papers will be searched for in PubMed, IEEE Xplore, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, and Web of Science. The review will include studies published between January 2023 and September 2025. Studies will be included that represent original peer-reviewed work that explores HCPs’ experiences and opinions about the use of GenAI or ambient scribes for clinical documentation. Data extraction will include publication type, country, sample characteristics, clinical setting, study aim, study design, research question, and key findings. Study quality will be assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: The results will be presented as a narrative synthesis structured along the key themes of the evidence mapped. Data will be collated and presented in charts and tabular format. Findings will be reported in a peer-reviewed scoping review. Conclusions: This will be the first scoping review that considers HCPs’ experiences and opinions about GenAI and ambient scribes in clinical documentation. The results will clarify how HCPs use—or avoid using—GenAI in daily health care work. This insight will help address perceived benefits, risks, expectations, and uncertainties. It may also reveal key research gaps in the field.

Background: Pregnancy is a complex period involving significant physical, mental, and social changes in a woman’s life, affecting her psychological well-being. According to the literature, anxiety, stress, and depression are common symptoms among pregnant women. Promoting a healthy lifestyle with a focus on mental health is essential. In this context, digital solutions such as coaches on smartphones are emerging as valuable tools to support the psychological well-being of pregnant women without existing disorders. Objective: This study aims to present the research protocol of a pilot study designed as a proof-of-concept investigation. The study evaluates the feasibility, acceptability, and utility of an acceptance and commitment therapy–based stress management mobile app. The primary objective is to explore the feasibility of using a coach, ALBA (A Well-Being Assistant), developed within the TreC Ricerca app, to promote women’s psychological well-being during pregnancy through 5 sessions based on acceptance and commitment therapy. The pre- and postintervention effects on psychological well-being will also be explored as a secondary objective, serving as a proxy for the potential impact of the intervention. Methods: The study serves as a proof-of-concept investigation, where a small sample size (N=50) is deemed adequate to fulfill the study’s objectives. Participant recruitment will be conducted among pregnant women affiliated with the pregnancy care services of the Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari di Trento, using a convenience sampling approach. ALBA will interact with the participating women for 6 weeks, between the 14th and 26th weeks of gestation. Specifically, there will be 1 session per week, which the woman can choose, to allow more flexibility regarding her needs, supplemented by ALBA-supported exercises to be performed between sessions. This study adopts a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. Usability and engagement are assessed using the System Usability Scale, Chatbot Usability Questionnaire, User Engagement Scale-Short Form, and the User Mobile Rating Scale. Moreover, other quantitative outcome measures include levels of stress, anxiety, depression, emotional regulation, psychological flexibility, coping strategies, self-efficacy, and overall well-being, along with qualitative data from semistructured interviews. Finally, the analysis of the data gathered in this study will primarily adopt descriptive statistics and a text mining approach, focused on evaluating the attainment of the study objectives and changes over experimental time. Results: The psychoeducational approach aims to yield notable outcomes regarding the usability and engagement of women with ALBA. Furthermore, an anticipated enhancement in psychological well-being and quality of life is expected. Conclusions: Existing literature indicates a preference among women in the perinatal period for online support, highlighting the potential of digital interventions to address barriers related to social stigma and seeking assistance. In this context, ALBA emerges as a valuable resource, providing consistent psychoeducational support for women throughout pregnancy.