Abstract Generic descriptions (e.g., ‘girls are emotional’) are argued to play a major role in the development of essentialist reasoning about social categories. Although generics are prevalent across languages, studies exploring if and how generic language leads to essentialism have almost exclusively been conducted in English‐speaking communities and among Western samples. This is a significant limitation as scholars posit that generic language is a universal cue that signals which categories are culturally relevant. However, without research asking whether generics have similar consequences across diverse cultural and linguistic contexts, it is impossible to make a claim of universality. Here, we will fill this gap, by replicating and extending a previous U.S.‐based study assessing the effects of generic language in a sample of Persian‐speaking 6 to 9‐year‐old children ( N = 160) and adults ( N = 160) in Iran. Participants will hear generic (‘Foolies’) or specific (‘This Foolie’) statements (between subjects) that ascribe biological or cultural features to the novel social category of Foolies. We will measure the degree to which exposure to these statements leads to kindhood reasoning (i.e., offering formal explanations for category features) and essentialist reasoning in terms of inheritability. Identifying similar patterns in the Iranian sample as in prior US‐based work will support the hypothesis that generic language signals category importance and licences kindhood but does not contribute directly to reasoning about social categories as biologically inheritable. This work contributes to diversifying the field and critically informs theories of social essentialism.

Abstract: Background: The Psychological Science Accelerator (PSA) recently completed a large-scale moral psychology study using translated versions of the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale (OUS). However, the translated versions have no validity evidence. Objective: The study investigated the structural validity evidence of the OUS across 15 translated versions and produced version-specific validity reports. Methods: We analyzed OUS data from the PSA, which was collected internationally on a centralized online questionnaire . We also collected qualitative feedback from experts for each translated version. Results: For each version, we produced version-specific psychometric reports which include the following: (1) descriptive item and demographics analyses, (2) factor structure evidence using confirmatory factor analyses, (3) measurement invariance testing across languages using multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses and alignment optimization, and (4) reliability analyses using coefficients α and ω.

Abstract While statistical word learning has been the focus of many studies on monolinguals, it has received little attention in bilinguals. The results of existing studies on statistical word learning in bilinguals are inconsistent, with some research reporting a bilingual advantage over monolinguals but others finding no difference between groups. Thus, our study investigated statistical learning using the cross-situational word learning (CSWL) paradigm between two groups: English–German bilinguals and English monolinguals. Participants (N = 201) learned 1 : 1 mappings (one word maps onto one object) and 1 : 2 mappings (one word maps onto two objects). In contrast to previous studies, we measured learning continuously and analysed trial-by-trial behaviour closely to understand fine-grained learning differences across language groups. Against our predictions, monolinguals generally outperformed bilinguals in word learning regardless of mapping type, and trial-by-trial analyses did not reveal differences in learning as expected. Moreover, language balancedness of bilinguals (operationalized via language entropy) did not account for differences in CSWL performance. These results suggest that any existing word learning advantages may be highly paradigm- and population-specific.

Background: Background: Latina adolescents report low levels of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and high lifetime risk of lifestyle-related diseases. There is a lack of MVPA interventions targeted at this demographic despite documented health disparities. Given their high rates of using mobile technology, interventions delivered through mobile devices may be effective for this population. Objective: Objective: The current paper examines efficacy of the Chicas Fuertes intervention in increasing MVPA across six months in Latina adolescents. Methods: Methods: Participants were Latina adolescents (ages 13-18) in San Diego County who reported being underactive (<150 minutes/week of MVPA). All participants received a wearable fitness tracker (Fitbit Inspire HR); half were randomly assigned to also receive the multimedia intervention. Intervention components included a personally tailored website, personalized texting based on Fitbit data, and social media. The primary outcome was change in minutes of weekly MVPA from baseline to six months (6m), measured by ActiGraph accelerometers and the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall Interview. Changes in daily steps using Fitbit devices were also examined to test intervention efficacy. Results: Results: Participants (N=160) were 15.3 years old on average, and mostly second generation in the U.S. For ActiGraph-measured MVPA, participants in the Intervention group (N=83) increased from a median of 0 min/week at baseline (IQR 26) to 64 min/week at 6m (IQR 28) compared to Control participants, who showed increases from a median of 0 at baseline (IQR 24) to 41 min/week at 6m (IQR 21) (P=.04). Self-reported MVPA increased in the Intervention group from a median of 119 min/week at baseline (IQR 122.5) to 147 min/week at 6m (IQR 85) compared to Control participants, who showed increases from a median of 120 (IQR 186.25) at baseline to 124 min/week at 6m (IQR 69) (P=.03). Steps also increased in both groups, with the Intervention group showing significantly greater increases (P=.03). Conclusions: Conclusions: This intervention was successful in using a tailored technology-based strategy to increase MVPA in Latina adolescents and provides a promising approach for addressing a key health behavior. Given the scalable technology used, future studies should focus on broad scale dissemination to address health disparities. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04190225; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04190225?id=NCT04190225

The relationship between body and mind plays an important role in many spiritual and religious experiences. Previous studies that looked into embodiment in the psychology of religion have mainly focused on the motoric system or embodied cognition phenomena. Despite interoceptive sensibility (IS) playing an important role in cognition, emotion, and well-being, a systematic investigation of the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, and IS has not yet been conducted. In this preregistered report, we performed such an investigation. We used established measures and collected data from a large sample to guarantee sufficient statistical power. We contrasted groups with different religious backgrounds (Christians n = 271, Buddhists n = 236, and Muslims, n = 229) to explore possible religious differences in the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, and IS. As expected, the results showed that adaptive forms of IS were linked to spirituality. Significant correlations between IS and spirituality were observed across all religious groups. However, contrary to our hypothesis, these associations were strongest among Christians rather than Buddhists. While spirituality showed significant correlations with IS, the correlations between religiosity and IS were mostly non-significant when accounting for the shared variance between spirituality and IS. Our results indicate that IS, as the inner dimension of embodiment, may be a fundamental factor in shaping spiritual experiences across diverse faiths and denominations. The preregistered analysis plan, materials, raw data, and the analysis code are publicly available.

Background: Dental caries is a common chronic disease in children, yet large-scale surveillance is limited by the resource demands of clinical examinations. Digital tools like intraoral scanners may offer a scalable alternative for caries detection, enabling more efficient data collection for research and population-level oral health monitoring. Objective: To assess the diagnostic agreement between visual examination and on-screen assessment of 3D models generated by an intraoral scanner (IOS) in colour and supplemented with fluorescence for caries detection in primary teeth. Methods: Children participating in a clinical trial (n=216, mean age 5.6 years) underwent visual examination using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and intraoral scanning using the TRIOS 4 IOS (3Shape TRIOS A/S Denmark). Four trained registered dental practitioners independently assessed each participant’s 3D models in colour, then supplemented with fluorescence, using a previously validated ICDAS index modified for on-screen assessments of 3D models. All 3D models were assessed again four weeks later. The time taken for intraoral scanning and on-screen assessment was recorded. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate and compare the likelihood of detecting caries between methods, and Bland–Altman plots were used to visualise agreement. Analyses were performed at the initial (ICDAS>01), moderate (ICDAS>03), and extensive (ICDAS>05) dental caries thresholds. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) estimated method agreement and examiner reliability. Results: 8,209 visible primary tooth coronal surfaces were analysed. The likelihood of detecting caries using colour assessment of 3D models was similar to visual examination at all disease thresholds: initial (odds ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0–1.3), moderate (0.9, 0.7-1.1) and extensive (1.0, 0.7–1.3). When colour assessments were supplemented with fluorescence, the likelihood of detecting caries was 30% higher at the initial threshold relative to visual examination (1.3, 1.1-1.5) and similar at the moderate (0.9, 0.7-1.1) and extensive thresholds (0.9, 0.7-1.3). Bland-Altman plots showed a high level of agreement at both moderate and extensive thresholds. Examiner reliability using intraoral scans ranged from good to excellent. Conclusions: On-screen assessment of 3D models in colour shows greatest agreement with visual examination for caries detection at all disease thresholds. Clinical Trial: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12622001237774

Background: The global, nearly universal penetration of mobile phones has offered novel opportunities for delivering health services and communicating health-related information to individuals. A low-cost system that facilitates autonomous communication with individuals via mobile phones holds potential for expanding the reach of health messaging and service delivery in settings with human resource and infrastructure limitations. Objective: We sought to design a flexible, low-code system using open-source software that could be adapted to different contexts and technical environments and accommodate a wide range of automation needs. We report on key details of the mobile phone-based appointment reminder and incentive system (mParis), document its use, review implementation challenges and adaptations to address these challenges in the context of a quasi-randomized trial of mobile phone-based reminders and incentives as means of increasing the timeliness of routine childhood vaccinations in Tanzania, and outline other use cases that highlight the versatility of the system. Methods: The mParis instance described in this manuscript, which is hosted in Tanzania, sent automated, individualized vaccination reminders to the mobile phones of mothers of young children. Process workflows, based on the national childhood vaccination schedule of Tanzania, were programmed into mParis. Reminders for vaccinations due at ages 6, 10, and 14 weeks were sent 7 days and 1 day prior to and 14 days after each vaccination due date. A subset of messages included financial incentive offers to mothers for the timely vaccination of their children. We report on implementation outcomes, challenges, and adaptations to address these challenges. Results: Between August and December 2017, 412 pregnant women were enrolled into the trial. After mothers reported the birth of their children, individualized vaccination reminder messages were sent for vaccination due dates between January and July 2018. From March 2018, messages contained financial incentive offers. Of 1,397 messages sent, 1,122 SMS (80.3%) were recorded as delivered, 249 (18.8%) as expired and resent, 23 (1.6%) as failed, and 3 (0.2%) as sent but lacking delivery confirmation. 633 messages (45.3%) contained tiered incentive offers. Of 173 women who received at least one message, 67 (38.7%) were sent reminders only; 106 women (61.3%) were sent at least one incentivized message. Numerous challenges were encountered during the system’s implementation, despite its deliberate design to accommodate basic problems such as intermittent internet access and power failures. Continuous adaptation to increase the resilience of the system, complemented by limited backstops, resulted in a successful deployment. Conclusions: mParis’ open-source nature, auditability, and ability to autonomously execute algorithms in a low-resource setting with frequent infrastructure challenges suggest favorable prospects to automate health communication in a wide range of settings. mParis’ use in multiple other health-related research studies demonstrates its versatility and ability to accommodate challenges that may be encountered in diverse other contexts. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03252288

Background: Digital methods that enable early caries identification can streamline data collection in research and optimize dental examinations for young children. Intraoral scanners are devices used for creating 3D models of teeth in dentistry and are being rapidly adopted into clinical workflows. Integrating fluorescence technology into scanner hardware can support early caries detection. However, the performance of caries detection methods using 3D models featuring color and fluorescence in primary teeth is unknown. Objective: This study aims to assess the diagnostic agreement between visual examination (VE), on-screen assessment of 3D models in approximate natural colors with and without fluorescence, and application of an automated caries scoring system to the 3D models with fluorescence for caries detection in primary teeth. Methods: The study sample will be drawn from eligible participants in a randomized controlled trial at the Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, where a dental assessment was conducted, including VE using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and intraoral scan using the TRIOS 4 (3Shape TRIOS A/S). Participant clinical records will be collected, and all records meeting eligibility criteria will be subject to an on-screen assessment of 3D models by 4 dental practitioners. First, all primary tooth surfaces will be examined for caries based on 3D geometry and color, using a merged ICDAS index. Second, the on-screen assessment of 3D models will include fluorescence, where caries will be classified using a merged ICDAS index that has been modified to incorporate fluorescence criteria. After 4 weeks, all examiners will repeat the on-screen assessment for all 3D models. Finally, an automated caries scoring system will be used to classify caries on primary occlusal surfaces. The agreement in the total number of caries detected per person between methods will be assessed using a Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients. At a tooth surface level, agreement between methods will be estimated using multilevel models to account for the clustering of dental data. Results: Automated caries scoring of 3D models was completed as of October 2023, with the publication of results expected by July 2024. On-screen assessment has commenced, with the expected completion of scoring and data analysis by March 2024. Results will be disseminated by the end of 2024. Conclusions: The study outcomes may inform new practices that use digital models to facilitate dental assessments. Novel approaches that enable remote dental examination without compromising the accuracy of VE have wide applications in the research environment, clinical practice, and the provision of teledentistry. Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12622001237774; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=384632

This Stage 1 Registered Report proposes a preregistered replication and extension of prior exploratory work comparing an Intuition Market (IM) with a traditional Prediction Market (PM) in forecasting binary financial outcomes. Previous exploratory analyses suggested that IM performance may equal or exceed that of PM under specific conditions, particularly when predictions are expressed with moderate-to-high confidence and when both methods converge on the same outcome. However, these findings require confirmation using independent data and preregistered analyses. The present study evaluates these patterns using a new set of 30 future financial events. Primary objectives are to test whether (i) IM predictions exceed chance accuracy when confidence is ≥60%, (ii) concordant IM–PM predictions yield higher-than-chance accuracy. All hypotheses, inclusion criteria, outcome measures, and analyses are specified a priori. Primary outcomes are predictive accuracy percentages. This study aims to assess whether intuition-based forecasting provides reliable information beyond standard prediction markets, while ensuring full transparency, reproducibility, and protection against analytical flexibility.

Vaccination is a cost-effective strategy for reducing morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years old. To be fully protected from diseases such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, and polio, children must receive all recommended vaccinations in a timely manner. In many countries, including Tanzania, high overall vaccination rates mask substantial regional variation in vaccination coverage and low rates of vaccination timeliness. This study evaluates the efficacy of mobile phone-based (mHealth) reminders and incentives for improving vaccination timeliness in the first year of life.