Background: Care for mild to moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD) entails self-management from patients and clinical support from primary care and nephrology. In response to a gap in resources for this population, My Kidneys My Health was co-developed to support self-management of CKD. Health care providers play a critical role in the implementation of patient resources, yet there is a gap in understanding providers’ perspectives in this role. Objective: This study develops and evaluates strategies to implement My Kidneys My Health into routine primary care and general nephrology clinical care. Methods: Health care providers working in Alberta, Canada who support patients with CKD were invited to participate in our multi-step study, guided by the Quality Implementation Framework. Step 1: we followed qualitative descriptive methodology to identify barriers and enablers to implementation using a directed content analysis and a deductive coding approach. Participants were invited to complete semi-structured interviews from October 2021 to May 2022. Step 2: we identified, prioritized, co-developed, and launched implementation strategies based on Step 1 results using behaviour change theory. Participants were invited to use the materials during the implementation period (May to October 2022). Utilization was tracked through Google Analytics and document distribution tracking. Step 3: we conducted follow-up interviews with participants (October to December 2022) to evaluate implementation based on the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework, following the same qualitative approach as Step 1. Effectiveness was out of scope of this study. Results: 14 health care providers participated in Step 1 qualitative interviews (42.9% from nephrology clinics, 35.7% from primary care). Participants shared an individual-level readiness and interest in sharing My Kidneys My Health with their patients. The key barriers to implementation included awareness, memory, time, motivation, and innovation accessibility. Implementation strategies were co-designed and implemented by Step 1 participants (i.e., educational sessions and materials, reminders, implementation coaching). 9 health care providers participated in Step 3 qualitative interviews. Participants shared their approach to tailoring implementation based on their patients and integrating the resource into their current practices. The resources developed were highly utilized by participants, with positive feedback on their usability and accessibility. Participants expressed motivation to continue sharing My Kidneys My Health; however, awareness and accessibility require further adaptations can improve sustainability of implementation. Our rigorous approach allowed us to address behaviour change and sustainability of implementation of My Kidneys My Health, as well as identifying appropriate and tailored implementation strategies. Conclusions: There is a readiness to implement self-management supports for patients with early-stage CKD. A theory-informed approach and strategic implementation strategies can support sustainability.

Low back pain (LBP) is the main cause of activity limitation and work absence across the world, leading to a high social and economic burden for individuals, families, the labour market and society. The overall aim of this multicentre study is to test the usability, acceptability and feasibility of an evidence-based, digital education programme for people living and working with persistent LBP who are in sedentary or physically demanding jobs and need advice on ergonomics, self-management of pain and healthy behavioural strategies.

A recommendation of: Emma L. Henderson, Ruth Abrams, Afrodita Marcu, Lou Atkins, Emily K. Farran Investigating the barriers and enablers to data sharing behaviours: A qualitative Registered Report https://osf.io/8yqbs

Background: The loss of a loved one is a common yet stressful event in later life. Internet- and mobile-based interventions have been proposed as an effective treatment approach for individuals with prolonged grief. Objective: The AgE-health study aimed to investigate the efficacy of an eHealth intervention, trauer@ktiv, in reducing prolonged grief symptoms in a sample of older adults. The trauer@ktiv intervention is an unguided, web-based self-management intervention based on cognitive behavioral therapy principles, addressing grief in later life. Methods: The AgE-health study was designed as a randomized controlled trial with an active control group (CG). Recruitment and data assessment took place between October 2020 and September 2022. A sample of 177 older adults (aged ≥60 years) with prolonged grief symptoms was randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG; access to the trauer@ktiv eHealth intervention) or the active CG (access to an information brochure on loss and grief). Participants were interviewed at 2 time points, before and after accessing the intervention, via postal questionnaires (baseline and follow-up 4 months after the intervention). The primary outcome was the reduction in prolonged grief symptoms assessed with the Prolonged Grief-13 scale. Adjusted mixed-effects regression models were used to test for changes in primary and secondary outcomes (eg, depression and self-efficacy) as part of an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. The study procedure was described in detail in the study protocol. Results: From baseline to 4 months after the intervention, 7 participants were lost to follow-up. Final analyses included a sample of 170 individuals (IG: n=81, 47.6%; CG: n=89, 52.4%). The study population had an average age of 67.3 (SD 6.4; range 60-95) years and consisted predominantly of female participants (129/170, 75.9%). While there was a pre-post-reduction in persistent grief symptoms, the ITT analysis showed no significant differences between IG and CG at follow-up (Prolonged Grief-13 scale, average marginal effect of 0.56, 95% CI –2.30 to 3.44, P=.70). Similarly, the ITT analysis showed no significant treatment effects for any of the secondary outcomes at follow-up. The trauer@ktiv intervention was rated high on satisfaction and usability. More than half of the IG (49/81, 61%) completed 5 or more of the 8 modules of the eHealth intervention. Conclusions: The tested eHealth intervention, trauer@ktiv, showed no superiority compared to an active CG in reducing prolonged grief symptoms in a sample of older bereaved individuals. Therefore, trauer@ktiv is not suitable as a stand-alone treatment. However, as the ease of use and satisfaction with the application were high, there may be potential for the intervention within a stepped and collaborative treatment approach. Trial Registration: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00020595; https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00020595

Background: Thyroid cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in South Korea, with incidence rates among the highest globally. Young women, in particular, represent a high-risk group, likely due to a combination of biological, occupational, and environmental factors. However, the specific risk factors contributing to thyroid cancer development in this population remain poorly understood. Objective: This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with thyroid cancer among young female nurses using longitudinal survival analysis. Methods: This longitudinal study used data from the Korea Nurses’ Health Study (KNHS), a prospective national cohort of female nurses. Data from the first, fifth, seventh, and ninth surveys were used to construct a person-period data set. Female nurses aged in their 20s at baseline were included. Time-varying explanatory variables included age, marital status, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, perceived stress, sleep problems, nursing position, night shift work, working unit, and duration of radiation exposure. The dependent variable was self-reported physician-diagnosed thyroid cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were performed to examine the association between risk factors and thyroid cancer occurrence. Results: A total of 22,759 person-period cases were analyzed, and 105 thyroid cancer events were identified. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significant associations between thyroid cancer occurrence and age (χ²1=51.6, P<.001), marital status (χ²1=25.1, P<.001), sleep problems (χ²1=20.3, P<.001), night shift work (χ²1=20.1, P<.001), working unit (χ²1=13.0, P<.001), and duration of radiation exposure (χ²1=91.0, P<.001). In the Cox regression model, nurses aged in their 20s had a significantly higher risk of thyroid cancer than those aged in their 30s (hazard ratio [HR] 4.602, 95% CI 1.893-11.188). Those who worked night shifts were also at an increased risk (HR 1.923, 95% CI 1.127-3.280). Compared with no exposure, radiation exposure showed a dose-response relationship: <1 year: HR 3.449, 95% CI 1.474-8.074; ≥1 year: HR 4.178, 95% CI 2.702-6.461. Conclusions: Younger age, night shift work, and duration of radiation exposure were significantly associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer in young female nurses. These findings highlight the importance of early screening and occupational risk management, including regular radiation monitoring and support for circadian health, in health care settings.

This pre-registered report aims to explore the impact of cultural diversity on fintech development through the perspective of dialectal diversity. Specifically, we want to investigate three key questions: (1) Does cultural diversity influence fintech development? (2) If it does, what are the underlying mechanisms? (3) Moreover, does the impact of cultural diversity on fintech development vary across regions or households with heterogeneous characteristics? To explore these questions, we plan to utilize regional dialect data and analytical methods such as instrumental variables and fixed effects to examine fintech adoption at the household level. This report contributes to understanding the informal institutional factors underpinning the development of fintech, and provides new theoretical and practical perspectives for building a more comprehensive and inclusive fintech system.

Background: Effective disease surveillance is essential for understanding epidemiology, detecting outbreaks, and enabling timely public health responses, as demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the UK, large-scale studies such as the ONS COVID-19 Infection Survey (CIS) monitored SARS-CoV-2 transmission but required significant resources, making them challenging to sustain in resource-limited settings. In contrast, the Virus Watch study, with a lower cost, relied on self-reported data and symptomatic testing, while SARI Watch leveraged hospital data for cost-effective surveillance. Objective: Our study evaluates Virus Watch’s effectiveness in tracking COVID-19 trends, using ONS CIS and SARI Watch as benchmarks for comparison. Methods: We used the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study to estimate COVID-19 positivity, incidence and hospitalisation rates in England and Wales from June 2020 to February 2023. We compared our findings with modelled positivity and incidence rates from ONS CIS and COVID-19 hospitalisation rates from SARI Watch using 9-week rolling Spearman’s ⍴ correlation to measure synchrony. Results: 58,628 participants were recruited into the Virus Watch study between June 2020 and March 2022, of whom 52,526 (90%) were reported to be living in England and 1,532 (2.6%) in Wales. Virus Watch estimates of COVID-19 positivity and incidence rates in England and Wales were highly correlated with those from ONS CIS. Despite lower absolute values in Virus Watch estimates, both studies showed strong global (overall ⍴s > 0.90) and local (median ⍴s > 0.75) synchrony over time. However, Virus Watch estimates of hospitalisations with COVID-19 were significantly lower and less synchronised with SARI Watch estimates (overall: 0.72, P<.001; median: 0.49, IQR 0.15-0.70). In Wales, Virus Watch estimates exhibited greater variability and lower local synchrony compared to England (overall positivity ⍴: 0.75, P<.001; overall incidence rate ⍴: 0.85, P<.001). Conclusions: Our results highlight the effectiveness of the Virus Watch approach in providing accurate estimates of COVID-19 positivity and incidence rates, even in the absence of national surveillance systems. This low-cost method can be adapted to various settings, particularly low-resource ones, to strengthen public health surveillance and inform timely interventions.

It is important to understand how persuasive the most-cited climate change messaging strategies are. In five replication studies, we found limited evidence of persuasive effects of three highly cited strategies (N = 3,216). We then conducted a registered report megastudy (N = 13,544) testing the effects of the 10 most-cited climate change messaging strategies on Americans’ pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour. Six messages significantly affected multiple preregistered attitudes, with effects ranging from 1 to 4 percentage points. Persuasiveness varied little across party lines, inconsistent with theories predicting heterogeneous effects for targeted messages. No message increased pro-environmental donations, suggesting costly behaviours are difficult to influence with messaging alone. Inference of mechanisms driving effects was limited as the most impactful messages influenced multiple mediating variables. Taken together, these results identify several persuasive strategies, while also highlighting the limits of short-form messages for increasing Americans’ support for action to address climate change.

Loneliness and social isolation are associated with several negative health outcomes in older adulthood, including adverse cognitive outcomes and increased mortality risk. Between-study variability in how these constructs are defined and modeled poses a major challenge, potentially contributing to inconsistencies in previous findings. In response, this registered report leveraged a coordinated data analysis framework, applying independent but harmonized operational definitions and statistical models across 11 longitudinal studies of aging (N > 110,000) representing 20 countries. Using Cox regression, logistic regression, and multistate survival models (MSMs), we systematically examined how loneliness and social isolation—both separately and in combination—are associated with cognitive aging outcomes (no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, severe cognitive impairment) and mortality risk. Preliminary synthesized results based on random-effects meta-analysis show that loneliness and isolation both predict increased risk of dementia and death in Cox and logistic models (all ps < 0.001), with isolation showing a particularly strong link to mortality. In MSMs, however, loneliness (but not isolation) was associated with an increased risk of transitioning from no impairment to mild cognitive impairment. Loneliness and isolation were also associated with an increased risk of transitioning from mild cognitive impairment to death, but this was only true for isolation when loneliness was included in the model. Conversely, isolation appears to be most important for the transition from mild to severe cognitive impairment. Discussion will focus on the evidence for and against the generalizability and variability in associations among social disparities, cognitive outcomes, and mortality risk across individuals, time, and countries.

Different women experience hormonal contraceptives differently, reporting side effects on their sexuality that range from negative to positive. But research on such causal effects of hormonal contraceptives on psychological outcomes struggles both to identify average causal effects and capture the high heterogeneity in women’s treatment responses. In this study, we leveraged longitudinal data to improve our ability to separate the causal effects of hormonal contraceptives from other sources of association, including observed and unobserved confounding, reverse causality, and attrition. In this programmatic registered report (programmatic registered stage 1 protocol: https://osf.io/kj3h2; date of in-principle acceptance: 28/09/2023), we analyzed data from up to 5,041 women (23,130 observations), who participated in PAIRFAM, a German longitudinal panel dataset consisting of 14 waves, using Bayesian multilevel regressions. To deal with confounding and probe the robustness of findings, we implemented two analysis approaches: adjusted regression analysis and inverse probability of treatment weighting approach. We found evidence for positive average treatment effects of hormonal contraceptives on sexual frequency and sexual satisfaction, but no robust evidence for effects on desired sexual frequency. Furthermore, to move beyond average treatment effects, we analyzed heterogeneity in treatment responses. We found relatively high heterogeneity in individual treatment effects on sexual frequency and sexual satisfaction. Interindividual differences were not systematically related to individual treatment effects, and those treatment effects did not predict women’s decisions about which contraceptive method to use in the long run. Our results contribute to understanding the effects of hormonal contraceptives on sexuality in a naturalistic setting, where women adapt their choice of contraceptive method to their own experiences.

Although the distinction between episodic and semantic memory is supported by numerous neuropsychological studies, neuroimaging data have shown considerable overlap between regions that are activated during semantic and episodic remembering. This might indicate similar or shared mechanisms but might also result from inadequate task designs or poor functional magnetic resonance imaging signal coverage. Here we compared neural activations and representations associated with successful retrieval of episodic and semantic memories, using tasks that are more closely matched. A total of n = 40 participants recalled pairings between logos and brand names, where the pairings corresponded to real-world knowledge (semantic task) or were learned in an initial study phase (episodic task). Neither a priori-defined networks nor clusters generally activated by our task provided evidence for any difference between successful semantic and episodic retrieval, with the Bayes factor for the a priori networks supporting the null hypothesis of no difference. Protocol registration The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 15 September 2021. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://osf.io/dm47y/.

BACKGROUND: Limited empirical evidence exists on the effectiveness of a hybrid approach to heart-healthy lifestyle interventions that integrates mHealth technology with face-to-face counseling. Moreover, its superiority over exclusive mHealth use in promoting heart-healthy behavioral outcomes within a community setting remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a hybrid community-based approach to heart-healthy lifestyle intervention incorporating a mobile application and motivational interviewing among community-dwelling adults without a history of cardiovascular disease. METHODS: We conducted a three-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial with assessments at baseline and after 12 weeks. A total of 75 participants, each presenting at least one component of metabolic syndrome and no history of cardiovascular disease, were randomly assigned to one of three groups: hybrid (n=25), mobile (n=25), or control (n=25). Participants were recruited through online platform. The hybrid group underwent a 12-week hybrid intervention combining a mobile application (i.e., "My HeartHELP") and face-to-face motivational interviewing led by a nursing researcher. The mobile group used only the mobile application, while the control group received written material on general heart health. The intervention was facilitated by three trained nursing researchers. The primary outcome was a composite score of 'heart-healthy behaviors', while secondary outcomes included scores for heart-healthy 'information', 'self-efficacy', 'motivation', and cardiovascular parameters. The trial was conducted in two rounds from October 2022 to May 2023. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of the 75 participants, 72 (96%) completed the study. Compared with the control group, both the hybrid and mobile intervention groups demonstrated significantly greater improvements in behavioral outcomes, including composite heart-healthy behavior (F=7.25, P=.001), its theoretical predictors-heart-healthy motivation (F=8.54, P< .001) and self-efficacy for diet (F=4.87, P=.011) and exercise (F=5.48, P=.006)-as well as fasting glucose levels (F=3.90, P=.025) following the 12-week intervention. Particularly, the hybrid group-unlike the mobile group-showed significantly greater improvement in dietary behavior, a subscale of heart-healthy behavior, compared with the control group, and demonstrated significantly greater improvements in Interest/Enjoyment, a core subscale of intrinsic motivation than the mobile and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The hybrid community-based heart-healthy lifestyle intervention-integrating a mobile application and motivational interviewing-demonstrated overall effectiveness comparable to the mobile application alone, while yielding greater improvements in dietary behavior and core intrinsic motivation. These findings highlight the potential of mHealth applications as practical, standalone tools to promote cardiovascular health, particularly in community settings with limited access to in-person professional support. However, incorporating motivational interviewing may further enhance internalized motivation and complex behavior changes over time. Health professionals can therefore adopt mHealth either independently or in combination with motivational interviewing. Future studies should optimize integration strategies to enhance effectiveness and evaluate the long-term sustainability of such hybrid approaches. CLINICALTRIAL: The trial was registered on the ISRCTN (no.83643383). INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT: RR2-10.1161/circ.147.suppl_1.P147.

Presented by OSF

A recommendation of: Ellen M. O'Donoghue, Pierre-Yves Oudeyer, Helene Sauzeon, Yana Fandakova, Matthias J. Gruber How curiosity enhances hippocampus-dependent learning across late childhood and early adolescence https://osf.io/c9m8d?view_only=206d69bc700347adbbc7e4d5329405e9

A recommendation of: Yusaku Takamura, Emaad Razzak, Sarah Coustaty, Jianghao Liu, Pierre Pouget, Alfredo Spagna, Paolo Bartolomeo Oculomotor Markers of Visuospatial Mental Imagery in Aphantasia and Visualizers https://osf.io/g4fzv

A recommendation of: Anastazja Adamczyk, Christine Mohr, Elise Dan-Glauser, Domicele Jonauskaite Registered report protocol for the Perception Census: Linking colour preferences and colour-emotion associations https://osf.io/u8h5n?view_only=d783d8c9d2564c9c916370b66f9756e0

Background: During pandemics, effective containment and mitigation measures may also negatively influence psychological stability. As knowledge about COVID-19 rapidly evolves, global implementation of containment and mitigation measures has varied greatly, with impacts to mental wellness. Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health needs of health care workers and other workers may help mitigate mental health impacts and secure sustained delivery of health care and other essential goods and services. Objective: This study assessed the self-reported prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in health care workers and other workers seeking support through Text4Hope, an evidence-based SMS text messaging service supporting the mental health of residents of Alberta, Canada, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey gathered demographic (age, gender, ethnicity, education, relationship, housing and employment status, employment type, and isolation status) and clinical characteristics using validated tools (self-reported stress, anxiety, depression, and contamination/hand hygiene obsessive-compulsive symptoms). Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used to compare the clinical characteristics of health care workers and other workers. Post hoc analysis was conducted on variables with &gt;3 response categories using adjusted residuals. Logistic regression determined associations between worker type and likelihood of self-reported symptoms of moderate or high stress, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder, while controlling for other variables. Results: Overall, 8267 surveys were submitted by 44,992 Text4Hope subscribers (19.39%). Of these, 5990 respondents were employed (72.5%), 958 (11.6%) were unemployed, 454 (5.5%) were students, 559 (6.8%) were retired, 234 (2.8%) selected “other,” and 72 (0.9%) did not indicate their employment status. Most employed survey respondents were female (n=4621, 86.2%). In the general sample, the 6-week prevalence rates for moderate or high stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms were 85.6%, 47.0%, and 44.0%, respectively. Self-reported symptoms of moderate or high stress, anxiety, and depression were all statistically significantly higher in other workers than in health care workers (P&lt;.001). Other workers reported higher obsessive-compulsive symptoms (worry about contamination and compulsive handwashing behavior) after the onset of the pandemic (P&lt;.001), while health care worker symptoms were statistically significantly higher before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (P&lt;.001). This finding should be interpreted with caution, as it is unclear the extent to which the adaptive behavior of health care workers or the other workers might be misclassified by validated tools during a pandemic. Conclusions: Assessing symptoms of prevalent stress, anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive behavior in health care workers and other workers may enhance our understanding of COVID-19 mental health needs. Research is needed to understand more fully the relationship between worker type, outbreak phase, and mental health changes over time, as well as the utility of validated tools in health care workers and other workers during pandemics. Our findings underscore the importance of anticipating and mitigating the mental health effects of pandemics using integrated implementation strategies. Finally, we demonstrate the ease of safely and rapidly assessing mental health needs using an SMS text messaging platform during a pandemic.

Background: In addition to the obvious physical medical impact of COVID-19, the disease poses evident threats to people’s mental health, psychological safety, and well-being. Provision of support for these challenges is complicated by the high number of people requiring support and the need to maintain physical distancing. Text4Hope, a daily supportive SMS text messaging program, was launched in Canada to mitigate the negative mental health impacts of the pandemic among Canadians. Objective: This paper describes the changes in the stress, anxiety, and depression levels of subscribers to the Text4Hope program after 6 weeks of exposure to daily supportive SMS text messages. Methods: We used self-administered, empirically supported web-based questionnaires to assess the demographic and clinical characteristics of Text4Hope subscribers. Perceived stress, anxiety, and depression were measured with the 10-Item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 (GAD-7) scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) scale at baseline and sixth week time points. Moderate or high perceived stress, likely generalized anxiety disorder, and likely major depressive disorder were assessed using cutoff scores of ≥14 for the PSS-10, ≥10 for the GAD-7, and ≥10 for the PHQ-9, respectively. At 6 weeks into the program, 766 participants had completed the questionnaires at both time points. Results: At the 6-week time point, there were statistically significant reductions in mean scores on the PSS-10 and GAD-7 scales but not on the PHQ-9 scale. Effect sizes were small overall. There were statistically significant reductions in the prevalence rates of moderate or high stress and likely generalized anxiety disorder but not likely major depressive disorder for the group that completed both the baseline and 6-week assessments. The largest reductions in mean scores and prevalence rates were for anxiety (18.7% and 13.5%, respectively). Conclusions: Text4Hope is a convenient, cost-effective, and accessible means of implementing a population-level psychological intervention. This service demonstrated significant reductions in anxiety and stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic and could be used as a population-level mental health intervention during natural disasters and other emergencies.

The McGurk effect is a multisensory phenomenon in which discrepant auditory and visual speech signals typically result in an illusory percept. McGurk stimuli are often used in studies assessing the attentional requirements of audiovisual integration, but no study has directly compared the costs associated with integrating congruent versus incongruent audiovisual speech. Some evidence suggests that the McGurk effect may not be representative of naturalistic audiovisual speech processing – susceptibility to the McGurk effect is not associated with the ability to derive benefit from the addition of the visual signal, and distinct cortical regions are recruited when processing congruent versus incongruent speech. In two experiments, one using response times to identify congruent and incongruent syllables and one using a dual-task paradigm, we assessed whether congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech incur different attentional costs. We demonstrated that response times to both the speech task (Experiment 1) and a secondary vibrotactile task (Experiment 2) were indistinguishable for congruent compared to incongruent syllables, but McGurk fusions were responded to more quickly than McGurk non-fusions. These results suggest that despite documented differences in how congruent and incongruent stimuli are processed, they do not appear to differ in terms of processing time or effort, at least in the open-set task speech task used here. However, responses that result in McGurk fusions are processed more quickly than those that result in non-fusions, though attentional cost is comparable for the two response types.

Background: Vocational school students exhibit a high prevalence of addictive behaviors. Mobile phone–based prevention programs targeting multiple addictive behaviors and promoting life skills are promising. Tailoring intervention content to participants’ preferences, such as allowing them to choose behavior modules, may increase engagement and efficacy. There is limited understanding of how personal characteristics relate to module choices. Objective: This study examined the prevention needs of German vocational school students as well as their prevention preferences through self-determined module choice in the multibehavior app-based addiction prevention program ready4life. Methods: A 2-arm cluster randomized controlled trial recruited German vocational school students aged ≥16 years. Among 376 classes from 35 schools, ready4life was introduced during a school lesson. Students were invited to download the ready4life app and completed an anonymous screening with individualized risk and competence feedback in the form of a traffic light system. Informed consent was provided by 2568 students. Intervention classes received individual app-based coaching with weekly chat contacts with a conversational agent over 4 months. They could choose 2 of 6 modules: alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, social media and gaming, stress, and social competencies. Control group classes received a link to health behavior information and could access coaching after 12 months. Results: Prevention need was high. For 86.2% (2213/2568), ≥2 risks were reported based on yellow or red traffic light feedback. Within the intervention group, stress (818/1236, 66.2%) and social media and gaming (625/1236, 50.6%) were the most chosen topics, followed by alcohol (360/1236, 29.1%), social competencies (306/1236, 24.8%), tobacco (232/1236, 18.8%), and cannabis (131/1236, 10.6%). Module choices closely aligned with received traffic light feedback among those with 1 or 2 risks. Multilevel regression models showed that women were significantly more likely to choose the stress module (odds ratio [OR] 2.38, 95% CI 1.69-3.33; P&lt;.001); men preferred social media and gaming (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.40-0.69; P&lt;.001), alcohol (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37-0.67; P&lt;.001), and cannabis (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21-0.63; P&lt;.001) when holding age, educational track, and prevention need for the corresponding behavior constant. Younger students were significantly more likely to choose the cannabis module (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.74-0.90; P&lt;.001). Educational track also influenced module choice (eg, those with a lower educational level were more likely to choose alcohol and cannabis, suggesting a positive equity impact). Students’ prevention needs significantly influenced choice of the module (eg, higher alcohol consumption increased the likelihood of choosing the alcohol module; OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.20-1.43; P&lt;.001). Conclusions: Our study confirms vocational school students’ high prevention needs regarding addictive behaviors. Students’ module choices were highly congruent to their demonstrated needs, with most students being interested in the stress module. Module choice also differed by age, gender, and educational track. Trial Registration: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00022328; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00022328

Abstract. As an entertainment technology, video games are a popular social activity that can allow for multiple players to cooperatively engage on-screen challenges. Emerging research has found tha...

A recent series of experiments suggests that fostering superstitions can substantially improve performance on a variety of motor and cognitive tasks (Damisch, Stoberock, & Mussweiler, 2010). We con...

Abstract. The self-sufficiency hypothesis suggests that priming individuals with money makes them focus more strongly on themselves than on others. However, recently, research supporting this claim...

According to social cognition textbooks, stereotypes are activated automatically if appropriate categorical cues are processed. Although many studies have tested effects of activated stereotypes on...

The present work includes three attempts to replicate the moral licensing effect by Sachdeva, Iliev, and Medin (2009). The original authors found that writing about positive traits led to lower don...

Hosted on the Open Science Framework

Our appraisals and beliefs about our memory functioning shape how we reconstruct and report specific memory episodes. Research has shown that people differ in the extent to which they are skeptical about their memories, which is termed as memory distrust. In general, memory distrust has two aspects: distrust over forgetting (i.e., making omission errors) and distrust over falsely recollecting events that did not happen (i.e., making commission errors). Although these two aspects of memory distrust have been studied, how they are associated with memory validation (e.g., the formation of autobiographical belief) and reporting remains unclear. In the present study, we plan to examine the effect of metacognitive appraisals on the memory validation process as well as the commission and omission errors in memory reporting. Hosted on the Open Science Framework

Abstract. How do people judge the veracity of a message? The negativity bias in judgments of truth describes the phenomenon that the same message is more likely judged as true when framed negativel...

This Stage 1 Registered Report proposes a preregistered replication and extension of prior exploratory work comparing an Intuition Market (IM) with a traditional Prediction Market (PM) in forecasting binary financial outcomes.

Repetition increases the perceived truth of information. This illusory truth effect is a welldocumented and robust phenomenon. Although research has primarily focused on trivia statements, the effects of repetition on belief have also been identified for consequential statements such as fake news headlines. Moreover, research reveals repetition increases accuracy ratings for conspiracy statements. However, in past work, the illusory truth effect was smaller for conspiracy statements than trivia statements. This result raises the intriguing possibility that there is something unique about conspiracy statements relative to trivia statements that makes them more resistant to the effects of repetition. However, this difference in the illusory truth effect between conspiracy and trivia statements may be due to differences in baseline plausibility rather than anything specific about conspiracy statements. Overall, the conspiracy statements were seen as less plausible than the trivia statements (both true and false trivia statements) in the prior experiment. In this registered report, we examined the illusory truth effect for conspiracy and trivia statements using the same procedure as in previous research, but we matched the statements on baseline plausibility. In line with our hypothesis, the effect of repetition on perceived truth was similar for conspiracy and trivia statements when they were equally implausible (or plausible). Results from this study replicate the generality of the illusory truth effect to statements that can cause harm and suggest that the psychological effect of repetition on truth ratings is equivalent for equally implausible (or plausible) conspiracy and trivia statements.

Although variation in effect sizes and predicted values among studies of similar phenomena is inevitable, such variation far exceeds what might be produced by sampling error alone. One possible explanation for variation among results is differences among researchers in the decisions they make regarding statistical analyses. A growing array of studies has explored this analytical variability in different fields and has found substantial variability among results despite analysts having the same data and research question. Many of these studies have been in the social sciences, but one small “many analyst” study found similar variability in ecology. We expanded the scope of this prior work by implementing a large-scale empirical exploration of the variation in effect sizes and model predictions generated by the analytical decisions of different researchers in ecology and evolutionary biology. We used two unpublished datasets, one from evolutionary ecology (blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus, to compare sibling number and nestling growth) and one from conservation ecology (Eucalyptus, to compare grass cover and tree seedling recruitment). The project leaders recruited 174 analyst teams, comprising 246 analysts, to investigate the answers to prespecified research questions. Analyses conducted by these teams yielded 141 usable effects (compatible with our meta-analyses and with all necessary information provided) for the blue tit dataset, and 85 usable effects for the Eucalyptus dataset. We found substantial heterogeneity among results for both datasets, although the patterns of variation differed between them. For the blue tit analyses, the average effect was convincingly negative, with less growth for nestlings living with more siblings, but there was near continuous variation in effect size from large negative effects to effects near zero, and even effects crossing the traditional threshold of statistical significance in the opposite direction. In contrast, the average relationship between grass cover and Eucalyptus seedling number was only slightly negative and not convincingly different from zero, and most effects ranged from weakly negative to weakly positive, with about a third of effects crossing the traditional threshold of significance in one direction or the other. However, there were also several striking outliers in the Eucalyptus dataset, with effects far from zero. For both datasets, we found substantial variation in the variable selection and random effects structures among analyses, as well as in the ratings of the analytical methods by peer reviewers, but we found no strong relationship between any of these and deviation from the meta-analytic mean. In other words, analyses with results that were far from the mean were no more or less likely to have dissimilar variable sets, use random effects in their models, or receive poor peer reviews than those analyses that found results that were close to the mean. The existence of substantial variability among analysis outcomes raises important questions about how ecologists and evolutionary biologists should interpret published results, and how they should conduct analyses in the future.

Antidepressant medication (ADM) and psychotherapy are effective treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). It is unclear, however, if treatments differ in their effectiveness at the symptom level and whether symptom information can be utilised to inform treatment allocation. The present study synthesises comparative effectiveness information from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of ADM versus psychotherapy for MDD at the symptom level and develops and tests the Symptom-Oriented Therapy (SOrT) metric for precision treatment allocation.